Social research method is one of the important methods of social work, discuss the importance of social research method and it significance to social work practice
Social work research and its importance.Discuss social work practice and its significance?
Take a look at the link incc c.
Social research refers to research conducted by social scientists (primarily within sociology, but also within other disciplines such as social policy, human geography, political science, social anthropology and education. Sociologists and other social scientists study diverse things: from census data on hundreds thousands of human beings, through the in-depth analysis of a life of a single important person to monitoring what is happening on a streets today - or what was happening few hundreds years ago.
Social scientists use many different methods in order to describe, explore and understand social life. Social methods can generally be subdivided into two broad categories. Quantitative methods are concerned with attempts to quantify social phenomena and collect and analyse numerical data, and focus on the links among a smaller number of attributes across many cases. Qualitative methods, on the other hand, emphasise personal experiences and interpretation over quantification, are more concerned with understanding the meaning of social phenomena and focus on links among a larger number of attributes across relatively few cases. While very different in many aspects, both qualitative and quantitative approaches involve a systematic interaction between theories and data.
Common tools of quantitative researchers include surveys, questionnaires, and secondary analysis of statistical data that has been gathered for other purposes (for example, censuses or the results of social attitudes surveys). Commonly used qualitative methods include focus groups, participant observation, and other techniques.
Reply:nah
Reply:Views of real people?
Friday, November 20, 2009
What are the five methods of geographic research?
please tell me all the info..
What are the five methods of geographic research?
I teach the five themes... perhaps they are the five methods too
1. location:absolute and relative
2. movement: transportation and communication
3. region
4. place (yes this is different than location)
5. human interaction with environment
Reply:good question...
What are the five methods of geographic research?
I teach the five themes... perhaps they are the five methods too
1. location:absolute and relative
2. movement: transportation and communication
3. region
4. place (yes this is different than location)
5. human interaction with environment
Reply:good question...
Looking to research shipping methods. As in what does TL & TTL mean. Where can that info be found? Thanks..?
OCEAN %26amp; TRANSPORT TERMS
HOME
Over 3600 Ocean Marine, Shipping, Chat %26amp; Insurance Terms and Abbreviations
To jump to a section, click the letter. (Opens in new browser window)
Some letters have several hundred entries and may take some time to download
TERM COLORS: Black = Transport - - Blue = Insurance - - Green = Chat/Email
Chat - A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z
5 Steps + 2 Minutes = AllCovered --- Paperless -- No Monthly Reporting
-- Cargo - Bonds - BOL Liability/E%26amp;O - Warehouse - Business Insurance --
-- We have Logistics AllCovered --
- T -
TERM DEFINITION
3PL See "Third Party Logistics"
T1 - Goods that are not in free circulation are assigned the EC Customs code T1
- High Speed Internet Line carrying 1.2 megabits per second of data
T2 Goods that are in free circulation are assigned the EC Customs code T2.
TA Thanks Again
TAFN That's All For Now
TANSTAAFL There Ain't No Such Thing As A Free Lunch
TD or t/d Time Definite - normally a guaranteed delivery time with assumed liabilities if delivery is not made by a "guaranteed" time.
NOTE: Normal cargo insurance rarely covers "guaranteed" deliver by a set time without explicit approval of Underwriters.
TDO See "Table of Denial Orders"
T.%26amp; E. Abbreviation for "Transportation and Exportation." Customs form used to control cargo movement from port of entry to port of exit, meaning that the cargo is moving from one country, through the United States, to another country.
T/T Telegraphic Transfer - wire funds
Table of Denial Orders The TDO is a list of individuals and firms that have been disbarred from shipping or receiving U.S. goods or technology. Firms and individuals on the list may be disbarred with respect to either controlled commodities or general destination (across-the-board) exports. The list is published in the Export Administration Regulations.
Tail Rear of a container or trailer-opposite the front or nose.
Tail (Ins) This term has been used to describe both the exposure that exists after expiration of a policy and the coverage that may be purchased to cover that exposure. On "occurrence" forms a claims tail may extend for years after policy expiration, and the losses may be covered. On "claims made" forms tail coverage may be purchased to extend the period for reporting covered claims beyond the normal policy period.
Tallyman A person who records the number of cargo items together with the condition thereof at the time it is loaded into or discharged from a vessel.
Tally Sheet A printed form on which companies record, by making an appropriate mark, the number of items they receive or ship. In many operations, tally sheets become a part of the permanent inventory records.
T%26amp;P Theft and Pilferage
Tandem A truck that has two drive axles or a trailer that has two axles.
Tank Barge A river barge designed for the carriage of liquid bulk cargoes.
Tank Car Railcars designed to haul bulk liquid or gas commodities.
Tank Container A tank, surrounded by a framework with the overall dimensions of a container for the transport of liquids or gasses in bulk.
Tanker A tanker is a bulk carrier designed to transport liquid cargo, most often petroleum products. Oil tankers vary in size from small coastal vessels of 1,500 tons deadweight, through medium-sized ship of 60,000 tons, to the giant VLCCs (very large crude carriers).
Tapering Rate A rate that increases with distance but not in direct proportion to the distance the commodity is shipped.
Tare Weight In railcar or container shipments, the weight of the empty railcar or empty container.
Tariff (Trf.) A publication setting forth the charges, rates and rules of transportation companies.
Tariff Act of 1930 Title VII of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, provides for the imposition of antidumping duties on imported merchandise found to have been sold in the United States at "less than fair value," if these sales have caused or are likely to cause material injury to, or materially retard the establishment of, an industry in the United States
Tariff Anomaly A tariff anomaly exists when the tariff on raw materials or semi-manufactured goods is higher than the tariff on the finished product.
Tariff Escalation A situation in which tariffs on manufactured goods are relatively high, tariffs on semi-processed goods are moderate, and tariffs on raw materials are nonexistent or very low.
Tariff Quotas Application of a higher tariff rate to imported goods after a specified quantity of the item has entered the country at a lower prevailing rate.
Tariff Schedule A comprehensive list of the goods which a country may import and the import duties applicable to each product.
Tariff Schedules of the US Annotated Effective 1979 to January 1989, the US import statistics were initially collected and compiled in terms of the commodity classifications in the Tariff Schedules of the United States Annotated (TSUSA), an official publication of the US International Trade Commission embracing the legal text of the Tariff Schedules of the United States (TSUS) together with statistical annotations. This publication was superseded by the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States Annotated for Statistical Reporting Purposes (HTSUSA) in January 1989.
Tariff Service The type of service required, such as House to House, Pier to Pier, Pier to House, etc.
Tarpaulin Waterproof material, e.g. canvas, to spread over cargo to protect it from getting wet.
TBN To Be Named
TC Time Charter
TCOY Take Care Of Yourself
TCP Time Charter Party
TD or t/d Time Definite - normally a guaranteed delivery time with assumed liabilities if delivery is not made by a "guaranteed" time.
NOTE: Normal cargo insurance rarely covers "guaranteed" deliver by a set time without explicit approval of Underwriters.
Telex Used for sending messages to outside companies. Messages are transmitted via Western Union, ITT and RCA. Being replaced by fax and internet.
Temporary Importation under Bond When an importer makes entry of articles brought into the United States temporarily and claimed to be exempt from duty under Chaper 98, Subchapter XIII, Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States, a bond is posted with Customs which guarantees that these items will be exported within a specified time frame (usually within one year from the date of importation). Failure to export these items makes the importer liable for the payment of liquidated damages for breach of the bond conditions. (See 19 CFR 10.31.). The Temporary Importation under Bond (TIB) is usually twice the amount of duties and other payments the importer would otherwise be required to pay. Merchandise imported under TIB is usually for sales demonstration, testing, or repair.
Temperature Recorder A device to record temperature in a container while cargo is en route.
Tender The offer of goods for transportation or the offer to place cars or containers for loading or unloading.
Tenor Time and date for payment of a draft. Time at which a draft indicates it is payable, e.g., "at sight," "60 days after the bill of lading date," or "on May 31, 2001."
Terminal An assigned area in which containers are prepared for loading into a vessel, train, truck, or airplane or are stacked immediately after discharge from the vessel, train, truck, or airplane.
Terminal Charge A charge made for a service performed in a carrier's terminal area.
Terminal Delivery Allowance A reduced rate that a carrier offers in return for the shipper or consignee tendering or picking up the freight at the carrier's terminal.
Terminal Interchange Receipt Interchange receipt between trucker and carrier; document showing condition of container/equipment at the time of interchange.
Terminal Operator The enterprise responsible for the operation of facilities for one or more modes of transportation.
Terminal Pass A document provided to the delivering carrier by the terminal operator to allow admission into the operator's facility.
Terminal Receipt A document used to accept materials or equipment at a terminal. This provides the delivering carrier with proof of delivery and the terminal with a verification of receipt.
Terminal Receiving Charge (TRC) Charge assessed by the terminal for cargo being delivered for export.
Terms of Delivery - All the conditions agreed upon between trading partners regarding the delivery of goods and the related services.
- Note: Under normal circumstances the INCO terms are used to prevent any misunderstandings ( see www.incoterms.org )
Terms of Freight - All the conditions agreed upon between a carrier and a merchant about the type of freight and charges due to the carrier and whether these are prepaid or are to be collected.
- Note: The so-called Combi terms based on the INCO terms do make a distinction what of the freight and related costs is to be paid by the seller and what by the buyer. In the UN recommendation 23 a coding system is recommended to recognize the various items
Terms or Methods of Payment If the insured is not paid for any reason, he/she must dispose of the goods and, therefore, still has an insurable interest. Following are the more common Terms or Methods of Payment:
(a) Collection by Draft
The seller bears the risk until he/she is paid. If for some reason, the buyer does not accept the shipment, the seller has the problem of disposing of the goods. By arranging the insurance, the seller can minimize the risk of loss.
(b) Open Account
When sales are made on an open account, the seller has financial risk similar to collecting by draft. Here again, the seller should attempt to arrange the insurance.
(c) Letter of Credit
In this procedure, the buyer establishes credit in U.S. money through his or her bank in favor of the seller. If the seller collects by this means, the letter of credit often stipulates that he/she arrange the insurance.
Terms of Sale The point at which sellers have fulfilled their obligations so the goods in a legal sense could be said to have been delivered to the buyer. They are shorthand expressions that set out the rights and obligations of each party when it comes to transporting the goods. Following, are the thirteen terms of sale in international trade as Terms of Sale reflected in the recent amendment to the International chamber of Commerce Terms of Trade (INCOTERMS), effective July 1990: exw, fca, fas, fob, cfr, cif, cpt, cip, daf, des, deq, ddu and ddp.
- EXW (Ex Works) (...Named Place): A Term of Sale which means that the seller fulfills the obligation to deliver when he or she has made the goods available at his/her premises (i.e., works, factory, warehouse, etc.) to the buyer. In particular, the seller is not responsible for loading the goods in the vehicle provided by the buyer or for clearing the goods for export, unless otherwise agreed. The buyer bears all costs and risks involved in taking the goods from the seller's premises to the desired destination. This term thus represents the minimum obligation for the seller.
- FCA (Free Carrier) (... Named Place): A Term of Sale which means the seller fulfills their obligation when he or she has handed over the goods, cleared for export, into the charge of the carrier named by the buyer at the named place or point. If no precise point is indicated by the buyer, the seller may choose, within the place or range stipulated, where the carrier should take the goods into their charge.
- FAS (Free Alongside Ship) (...Named Port of Shipment): A Term of Sale which means the seller fulfills his obligation to deliver when the goods have been placed alongside the vessel on the quay or in lighters at the named port of shipment.This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of loss of or damage to the goods from that moment.
- FOB (Free On Board) (...Named Port of Shipment): An International Term of Sale that means the seller fulfills his or her obligation to deliver when the goods have passed over the ship's rail at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks to loss of or damage to the goods from that point. The FOB term requires the seller to clear the goods for export.
- CFR (Cost and Freight) (...Named Port of Destination): A Term of Sale where the seller pays the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination, Terms of Sale but the risk of loss of or damage to the goods, as (continued) well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time the goods have been delivered on board the vessel, is transferred from the seller to the buyer when the goods pass the ship's rail in the port of shipment. The CFR term requires the seller to clear the goods for export.
- CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight) (...Named Place of Destination): A Term of Sale where the seller has the same obligations as under the CFR but also has to procure marine insurance against the buyer's risk of loss or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premium. The CIF term requires the seller to clear the goods for export.
- CPT (Carriage Paid To) (...Named Place of Destination): A Term of Sale which means the seller pays the freight for the carriage of the goods to the named destination. The risk of loss of or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time the goods have been delivered to the carrier, is transferred from the seller to the buyer when the goods have been delivered into the custody of the carrier. If subsequent carriers are used for the carriage to the agreed upon destination, the risk passes when the goods have been delivered to the first carrier. The CPT term requires the seller to clear the goods for export.
- CIP (Carriage and Insurance Paid To) (...Named Place of Destination): A Term of Sale which means the seller has the same obligations as under CPT, but with the addition that the seller has to procure cargo insurance against the buyer's risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premium. The buyer should note that under the CIP term the seller is required to obtain insurance only on minimum coverage. The CIP term requires the seller to clear the goods for export.
- DAF (Delivered At Frontier) (...Named Place): A Term of Sale which means the sellers fulfill their obligation to deliver when the goods have been made available, cleared for export, at the named point and placed at the frontier, but before the customs Terms of Sale border of the adjoining country. (continued)
- DDU (Delivered Duty Unpaid) (...Named Port of Destination): A Term of Sale where the seller fulfills his obligation to deliver when the goods have been made available at the named place in the country of importation. The seller has to bear the costs and risks involved in bringing the goods thereto (excluding duties, taxes and other official charges payable upon importation) as well as the costs and risks of carrying out customs formalities. The buyer has to pay any additional costs and to bear any risks caused by failure to clear the goods for in time.
- DDP (Delivered Duty paid) (...Named Port of Destination): "Delivered Duty Paid" means that the seller fulfills his obligation to deliver when the goods have been made available at the named place in the country of importation. The seller has to bear the risks and costs, including duties, taxes and other charges of delivering the goods thereto, clear for importation. While the EXW term represents the minimum obligation for the seller, DDP represents the maximum.
- DES (Delivered Ex Ship) (...Named Port of Destination): A Term of Sale where the seller fulfills his/her obligation to deliver when the goods have been made available to the buyer on board the ship, uncleared for import at the named port of destination. The seller has to bear all the costs and risks involved in bringing the goods to the named port destination.
- DEQ (Delivered Ex Quay, [Duty Paid]) (...Named Port of Destination): A Term of Sale which means the DDU term has been fulfilled when the goods have been available to the buyer on the quay (wharf) at the named port of destination, cleared for importation. The seller has to bear all risks and costs including duties, taxes and other charges of delivering the goods thereto.
ADDITION INCOTERMS INFORMATION:
http://www.incoterms.org
Terrorism Reinsurance Act of 2001 (TRIA) Requires that Terrorism insurance be quoted for land transits as well as ocean portions of shipments
TEU Abbreviation for "Twenty foot Equivalent Unit."
TGIF Thank God It's Friday
THC Terminal Handling Charge
Theft %26amp; Pilferage (TP) (T%26amp;P) Associated with loss to cargo from Theft of all or a portion of the shipment
Thermal Container A container built with insulating walls, doors, floor and roof by which heat exchange with the environment is minimized thus limiting temperature variations of the cargo.
Third Party Logistics (3PL) Supply of logistics related operations between traders by an independent organization.
Through Charge The total rate from point of departure to point of destination. It may be a joint rate or a combination of rates (aircargo). -- Synonym: Through Rate.
Through Bill of Lading Also Known As a "Through Bill" or "Thru Bill" - A single bill of lading covering receipt of the cargo at the point of origin for delivery to the ultimate consignee, using two or more modes of transportation.
Through Charge See "Through Rate"
Through Rate The total rate from the point of origin to final destination.
Through Route The total route from point of departure to point of destination (aircargo).
Throughput Charge The charge for moving a container through a container yard off or onto a ship.
Thwartships At right angles to centerline of ship/vessel
THX Thanks
TIA Thanks In Advance
TIB See "Temporary Importation under Bond"
Tier A horizontal division of a vessel from bottom to top. The numbers run from bottom to deck and from deck upwards and are used as a part of the indication of a stowage place for containers.
TILII Tell It Like It Is
Tilt Transport Road transport whereby the cargo area is protected against the elements by means of a tilt made of canvas or other pliable material.
Time Bar Time after which legal claims will not be entered/accepted.
Time Charter A contract for leasing between the ship owners and the lessee. It would state, e.g., the duration of the lease in years or voyages.
Time Definite
(TD or t/d) Time Definite - normally a guaranteed delivery time with assumed liabilities if delivery is not made by a "guaranteed" time.
NOTE: Normal cargo insurance rarely covers "guaranteed" deliver by a set time without explicit approval of Underwriters.
Time Draft A draft that matures either a certain number of days after acceptance or a certain number of days after the date of the draft.
Time/Service Rate A rail rate that is based upon transit time.
Time Sheet Statement, drawn-up by the ship's agent at the loading and discharging ports, which details the time worked in loading and discharging the cargo together with the amount of laytime used.
TIR - "Transport International par la Route." Road transport operating agreement among European governments and the United States for the international movement of cargo by road. Display of the TIR carnet allows sealed containerloads to cross national frontiers without inspection.
- "Terminal Interchange Receipt" - Interchange receipt between trucker and carrier; document showing condition of container/equipment at the time of interchange.
TL Abbreviation for "Trailer Load." or for "Total" or for "Truck Load"
TLK2UL8R Talk To You Later
TMI Too Much Information
TNT 'Till Next Time
TOFC Abbreviation for "Trailer on Flat Car." The movement of a highway trailer on a railroad flatcar. Also known as Piggyback.
Ton (Tonne) - Unit of weight measurement: 1000 kilograms (metric ton) or 2,240 lbs (long ton) or 2000 lbs (short ton).
- Unit of cubic measurement, mainly used to express the cubic capacity of a vessel.
- Unit of weight or measurement used as a basis for the calculation of freights (freight ton).
Ton-Mile - A unit used in comparing freight earnings or expenses. The amount earned from the cost of hauling a ton of freight one mile.
- The movement of a ton of freight one mile.
Tonnage 100 cubic feet.
Tonnage Generally refers to freight handled.
Top-Air Delivery A type of air circulation in a container. In top air units, air is drawn from the bottom of the container, filtered through the evaporator for cooling and then forced through the ducted passages along the top of the container. This type of airflow requires a special loading pattern.
To Pay As Total Loss (Ins) Used in an ancillary insurances relating to the cargo (e.g. increased value) when the Assured is not required to show evidence of loss or interest and can claim on the policy if he can show that a corresponding loss has been settled on the main cargo policy.
TOPCA 'Till Our Paths Cross Again
Topside(s) The sides of a ship between the waterline and the deck; sometimes referring to onto or above the deck
TOSCA Toxic Substance Control Act, An extra release that is needed for chemicals, hazardous material, etc. Not a charge by customs, but brokers may charge extra to get the release.
Total Cost Analysis A decision-making approach that considers total system cost minimization and recognizes the interrelationship among system variables such as transportation, warehousing, inventory, and customer service.
Total Quality Management (TQM) A management approach championed by Demming in which managers constantly communicate with organizational stakeholders to emphasize the importance of continuous quality improvement.
Total Loss (Ins) This can be actual total loss or constructive total loss, where the cost of damage repair exceeds the value of the property insured.
Tow When one or more vessels are being towed; when a tug is towing one or more floating objects; to pull an object in the water by means of a rope.
Towage The charge made for towing a vessel.
TP Theft %26amp; Pilferage
TPND Theft, Pilferage %26amp; Non-Delivery
TPTB The Powers That Be
TQM See "Total Quality Management"
Tracing Determining a shipment's location during the course of a move.
Track %26amp; Trace Usually a computer-based monitoring system that tracks the movement of goods in real time along the supply chain.
Tracking The function of maintaining status information, including current location, of cargo, cargo items, consignments or containers either full or empty.
Traction The power to grip or hold to a surface while moving without slipping.
Tractor Unit of highway motive power used to pull one or more trailers/containers.
Trade A term used to define a geographic area or specific route served by carriers.
Trade Acceptance A time or a date draft that has been accepted by the buyer (the drawee) for payment at maturity.
Trade Lane The combination of the origin and destination points.
Trade Loss A loss, usually small in amount, specific to certain kinds of cargo and which, because it is expected, is uninsurable. For example, seepage or evaporation of liquid from wooden casks.
Traffic - Persons and property carried by transport lines,
- The number of passengers, quantity of cargo etc. carried over a certain route.
Traffic Management The buying and controlling of transportation services for a shipper or consignee, or both.
Trailer The truck unit into which freight is loaded as in tractor trailer combination. See Container.
Trailer On Flat-Car (TOFC) Carriage of intermodal containers when the container is still attached to the chassis, and both chassis and container are loaded on a rail flat car.
Tramp Line An ocean carrier company operating vessels not on regular runs or schedules. They call at any port where cargo may be available.
Tramp Vessel A vessel not operating under a regular schedule.
Trans-Siberian Landbridge (TSR) Overland route from Europe to the Far East via the Trans Siberian Railway (TSR).
Transfer Cargo Cargo arriving at a point by one flight and continuing there-from by another flight (aircargo).
Transfer Risk Risk incurred by the seller of goods that, due to the fact that his country has a negative balance of payments, no foreign exchange (US dollars or other "hard" currency) may be available to the buyer when he is ready to pay for the goods.
Transferable Letter of Credit Type of letter of credit that names a middleman as beneficiary and allows him to give another party, the actual supplier, certain rights to present documents and receive payment under the letter of credit. Transfer must be effected by a bank authorized to do so by the issuing bank and involves notifying the transferee (called the "second beneficiary") of what documents he must present. The documents must be the same as those required in the letter of credit itself but the price of the goods may be reduced and the middleman’s name may be required to be listed in the transferee’s invoices as the buyer, thereby allowing the middleman to substitute invoices at a higher price and receive the difference without disclosing the name of the actual end-buyer. The transferring bank is not obligated to pay documents presented under the transfer¾ such obligation remains with the issuing bank.
Transferring Carrier A participating carrier who delivers the consignment to another carrier at a transfer point (aircargo).
Transit Cargo - Cargo between outwards customs clearance and inwards customs clearance.
- Cargo arriving at a point and departing there-from by the same through flight (aircargo).
Transit Clause (Ins) A clause in the Institute Cargo Clauses, specifying the attachment and termination of cover.
Transit Privilege A carrier service that permits the shipper to stop the shipment in transit to perform a function that changes the commodity's physical characteristics, but to still pay the through rate.
Transit Shipment A shipment passing between one port and another, or between a port and a final destination.
Transit Time The total time that elapses between a shipment's delivery and its pickup.
Transit Zones Transit zones, a form of free trade zone, are ports of entry in coastal countries that are established as storage and distribution centers for the convenience of a neighboring country lacking adequate port facilities or access to the sea. A transit zone is administered so that goods in transit to and from the neighboring country are not subject to the customs duties, import controls or many of the entry and exit formalities of the host country. Transit zones are more limited facilities then a foreign trade zone or a free port.
Transmittal Letter Contains a list of the particulars of the shipment, a record of the documents being transmitted, and instructions for disposition of these documents. Any special instructions are also included.
Transponder A device (chip) used for identification, which automatically transmits certain coded data when actuated by a special signal from an interrogator.
Transport To move cargo from one place to another.
Transport Documents See "Shipping Documents"
Transport International by Road (TIR) A set of rules following a customs convention to facilitate the international, European transport of goods by road with minimal interference under cover of TIR-carnets.
Transportation %26amp; Exit (T%26amp;E) Allows foreign merchandise arriving at one port to be transported in bond through the U.S. to be exported from another port, without paying duty.
Transportation Method A linear programming technique that determines the least-cost means of shipping goods from plants to warehouses or from warehouses to customers.
Transportation Requirements Planning (TRP) Utilizing computer technology and information already available in MRP and DRP databases to plan transportation needs based on field demand.
Transport Services Services offered by the transport provider.
Transship To transfer goods from one transportation line to another, or from one ship to another.
Transshipment Transshipment refers to the act of sending an exported product through an intermediate country before routing it to the country intended to be its final destination.
- A shipment under one Bill of Lading, whereby sea (ocean) transport is 'broken' into two or more parts. The port where the sea (ocean) transport is 'broken' is the transhipment port.
- Transfer of cargo from one means of transport to another for oncarriage during the course of one transport operation.
- Customs: Customs procedure under which goods are transferred under customs control from the importing means of transport to the exporting means of transport within the area of one customs office which is the office of both importation and exportation.
Transshipment Port Place where cargo is transferred to another carrier.
Transmittal Letter A list of the particulars of the shipment and a record of the documents being transmitted together with instructions for disposition of documents. Any special instructions are also included.
TRC Terminal Receiving Charge - Charge assessed by the terminal for cargo being delivered for export.
TRF or Trf See "Tariff"
TRIA See "Terrorism Reinsurance Act"
Trim Fore and Aft balance of ship
Trip See "Voyage"
Trip Cover Insurance term denoting coverage for one "Trip" or "Voyage"
Trip Lease Leasing a company's vehicle to another transportation provider for a single trip
Trip Recorder Cab-mounted device which electronically or mechanically records data such as truck speed, engine rpm, idle time and other information useful to trucking management.
TRP See "Transportation Requirements Planning"
Truck Class of automotive vehicles of various sizes and designs for transporting goods
Truck Load (TL) The quantity of freight required to fill a trailer; usually more than 10,000 pounds.
Truckmen's Liability Form (Ins) See "Motor Truck Cargo"
Trunk Main line - Primary Line of transport
Trunking Movement of containers between terminal and carrier's inland facilities.
Trunk Lines Oil pipelines used for the long-distance movements of crude oil, refined oil, or other liquid products.
Trust Receipt Release of merchandise by a bank to a buyer while the bank retains title to the merchandise. The goods are usually obtained for manufacturing or sales purposes. The buyer is obligated to maintain the goods (or the proceeds from their sales) distinct from the remainder of the assets and to hold them ready for repossession by the bank.
TSA Transportation Security Administration
TSR See "Trans-Siberian Landbridge"
TSUSA See "Tariff Schedules of the United States"
TTFN Ta-Ta For Now
TTL Total
TU Thank You
Tug A small vessel designed to tow or push large ships or barges. Tugs have powerful diesel engines and are essential to docks and ports to maneuver large ships into their berths. Pusher tugs are also used to push enormous trains of barges on the rivers and inland waterways of the U.S. Oceangoing salvage tugs provide assistance to ships in distress and engage in such work as towing drilling rigs and oil production platforms.
Tugmaster Brand name of tractor unit used in ports to pull trailers. They are equipped with a fifth wheel or a gooseneck type of coupling.
Turnaround In water transportation, the time it takes between the arrival of a vessel and its departure.
TW Tween Decker
Tween Deck Cargo carrying surface below the main deck dividing a hold horizontally in an upper and a lower compartment.
Twenty foot Equivalent Unit (TEU) TEU is a measure of a ship's cargo-carrying capacity. One TEU measures twenty feet by eight feet by eight feet -- the dimensions of a standard twenty-foot container.
Twist Locks A set of four twistable bayonet type shear keys used as part of a spreader to pick up a container or as part of a chassis to secure the containers.
Two-Way Pallet A pallet so designed that the forks of a fork lift truck can be inserted from two sides only.
TY Thank You
Type of Cargo An indication of the sort of cargo to be transported, (e.g. Break Bulk, Containerized, RoRo).
Type of Equipment The type of material used, e.g. 40 feet container, four way pallet or mafi trailer.
Type of Load Indicator A general reference or a classification of loads of cargo like 'FCL', 'LCL', 'unpacked' and even ship's convenience container, though this is rarely used nowadays.
Type of Means of Transport The type of vehicle used in the transport process, e.g. wide-body aircraft, tank truck or passenger vessel.
Type of Movement Description of the service for movement of containers.
Note: The following type of movement can be indicated on B/L and Manifest all combinations of FCL and LCL and break bulk and RoRo. Whilst only on the manifest combinations of House, Yard and CFS can be mentioned.
Type of Packing Description of the packaging material used to wrap, contain and protect goods to be transported.
Type of Transport - The indication whether the carrier or the merchant effects and bears the responsibility for inland transport of cargo in containers i.e. a differentiation between the logistical and legal responsibility.
- Note: Values are Carrier haulage and Merchant haulage, whilst in this context special cases are carrier-nominated merchant haulage, and merchant nominated carrier haulage.
Type of Vessel The sort of vessel used in the transport process e.g. Container, RoRo, or Multi Purpose.
DISCLAIMER: These terms and definitions have been gathered from many sources public and private. This list is designed to serve as a reference. No warranty for the accuracy is stated nor implied.
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Over 3600 Ocean Marine, Shipping, Chat %26amp; Insurance Terms and Abbreviations
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TERM COLORS: Black = Transport - - Blue = Insurance - - Green = Chat/Email
Chat - A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z
5 Steps + 2 Minutes = AllCovered --- Paperless -- No Monthly Reporting
-- Cargo - Bonds - BOL Liability/E%26amp;O - Warehouse - Business Insurance --
-- We have Logistics AllCovered --
These terms, abbreviations and descriptions have been gathered from many sources
online and in print. No warranty for their accuracy is stated nor implied.
Last Updated:
Wednesday, 19 April 2006 07:23:50 -0500
Looking to research shipping methods. As in what does TL %26amp; TTL mean. Where can that info be found? Thanks..?
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Over 3600 Ocean Marine, Shipping, Chat %26amp; Insurance Terms and Abbreviations
To jump to a section, click the letter. (Opens in new browser window)
Some letters have several hundred entries and may take some time to download
TERM COLORS: Black = Transport - - Blue = Insurance - - Green = Chat/Email
Chat - A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z
5 Steps + 2 Minutes = AllCovered --- Paperless -- No Monthly Reporting
-- Cargo - Bonds - BOL Liability/E%26amp;O - Warehouse - Business Insurance --
-- We have Logistics AllCovered --
- T -
TERM DEFINITION
3PL See "Third Party Logistics"
T1 - Goods that are not in free circulation are assigned the EC Customs code T1
- High Speed Internet Line carrying 1.2 megabits per second of data
T2 Goods that are in free circulation are assigned the EC Customs code T2.
TA Thanks Again
TAFN That's All For Now
TANSTAAFL There Ain't No Such Thing As A Free Lunch
TD or t/d Time Definite - normally a guaranteed delivery time with assumed liabilities if delivery is not made by a "guaranteed" time.
NOTE: Normal cargo insurance rarely covers "guaranteed" deliver by a set time without explicit approval of Underwriters.
TDO See "Table of Denial Orders"
T.%26amp; E. Abbreviation for "Transportation and Exportation." Customs form used to control cargo movement from port of entry to port of exit, meaning that the cargo is moving from one country, through the United States, to another country.
T/T Telegraphic Transfer - wire funds
Table of Denial Orders The TDO is a list of individuals and firms that have been disbarred from shipping or receiving U.S. goods or technology. Firms and individuals on the list may be disbarred with respect to either controlled commodities or general destination (across-the-board) exports. The list is published in the Export Administration Regulations.
Tail Rear of a container or trailer-opposite the front or nose.
Tail (Ins) This term has been used to describe both the exposure that exists after expiration of a policy and the coverage that may be purchased to cover that exposure. On "occurrence" forms a claims tail may extend for years after policy expiration, and the losses may be covered. On "claims made" forms tail coverage may be purchased to extend the period for reporting covered claims beyond the normal policy period.
Tallyman A person who records the number of cargo items together with the condition thereof at the time it is loaded into or discharged from a vessel.
Tally Sheet A printed form on which companies record, by making an appropriate mark, the number of items they receive or ship. In many operations, tally sheets become a part of the permanent inventory records.
T%26amp;P Theft and Pilferage
Tandem A truck that has two drive axles or a trailer that has two axles.
Tank Barge A river barge designed for the carriage of liquid bulk cargoes.
Tank Car Railcars designed to haul bulk liquid or gas commodities.
Tank Container A tank, surrounded by a framework with the overall dimensions of a container for the transport of liquids or gasses in bulk.
Tanker A tanker is a bulk carrier designed to transport liquid cargo, most often petroleum products. Oil tankers vary in size from small coastal vessels of 1,500 tons deadweight, through medium-sized ship of 60,000 tons, to the giant VLCCs (very large crude carriers).
Tapering Rate A rate that increases with distance but not in direct proportion to the distance the commodity is shipped.
Tare Weight In railcar or container shipments, the weight of the empty railcar or empty container.
Tariff (Trf.) A publication setting forth the charges, rates and rules of transportation companies.
Tariff Act of 1930 Title VII of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, provides for the imposition of antidumping duties on imported merchandise found to have been sold in the United States at "less than fair value," if these sales have caused or are likely to cause material injury to, or materially retard the establishment of, an industry in the United States
Tariff Anomaly A tariff anomaly exists when the tariff on raw materials or semi-manufactured goods is higher than the tariff on the finished product.
Tariff Escalation A situation in which tariffs on manufactured goods are relatively high, tariffs on semi-processed goods are moderate, and tariffs on raw materials are nonexistent or very low.
Tariff Quotas Application of a higher tariff rate to imported goods after a specified quantity of the item has entered the country at a lower prevailing rate.
Tariff Schedule A comprehensive list of the goods which a country may import and the import duties applicable to each product.
Tariff Schedules of the US Annotated Effective 1979 to January 1989, the US import statistics were initially collected and compiled in terms of the commodity classifications in the Tariff Schedules of the United States Annotated (TSUSA), an official publication of the US International Trade Commission embracing the legal text of the Tariff Schedules of the United States (TSUS) together with statistical annotations. This publication was superseded by the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States Annotated for Statistical Reporting Purposes (HTSUSA) in January 1989.
Tariff Service The type of service required, such as House to House, Pier to Pier, Pier to House, etc.
Tarpaulin Waterproof material, e.g. canvas, to spread over cargo to protect it from getting wet.
TBN To Be Named
TC Time Charter
TCOY Take Care Of Yourself
TCP Time Charter Party
TD or t/d Time Definite - normally a guaranteed delivery time with assumed liabilities if delivery is not made by a "guaranteed" time.
NOTE: Normal cargo insurance rarely covers "guaranteed" deliver by a set time without explicit approval of Underwriters.
Telex Used for sending messages to outside companies. Messages are transmitted via Western Union, ITT and RCA. Being replaced by fax and internet.
Temporary Importation under Bond When an importer makes entry of articles brought into the United States temporarily and claimed to be exempt from duty under Chaper 98, Subchapter XIII, Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States, a bond is posted with Customs which guarantees that these items will be exported within a specified time frame (usually within one year from the date of importation). Failure to export these items makes the importer liable for the payment of liquidated damages for breach of the bond conditions. (See 19 CFR 10.31.). The Temporary Importation under Bond (TIB) is usually twice the amount of duties and other payments the importer would otherwise be required to pay. Merchandise imported under TIB is usually for sales demonstration, testing, or repair.
Temperature Recorder A device to record temperature in a container while cargo is en route.
Tender The offer of goods for transportation or the offer to place cars or containers for loading or unloading.
Tenor Time and date for payment of a draft. Time at which a draft indicates it is payable, e.g., "at sight," "60 days after the bill of lading date," or "on May 31, 2001."
Terminal An assigned area in which containers are prepared for loading into a vessel, train, truck, or airplane or are stacked immediately after discharge from the vessel, train, truck, or airplane.
Terminal Charge A charge made for a service performed in a carrier's terminal area.
Terminal Delivery Allowance A reduced rate that a carrier offers in return for the shipper or consignee tendering or picking up the freight at the carrier's terminal.
Terminal Interchange Receipt Interchange receipt between trucker and carrier; document showing condition of container/equipment at the time of interchange.
Terminal Operator The enterprise responsible for the operation of facilities for one or more modes of transportation.
Terminal Pass A document provided to the delivering carrier by the terminal operator to allow admission into the operator's facility.
Terminal Receipt A document used to accept materials or equipment at a terminal. This provides the delivering carrier with proof of delivery and the terminal with a verification of receipt.
Terminal Receiving Charge (TRC) Charge assessed by the terminal for cargo being delivered for export.
Terms of Delivery - All the conditions agreed upon between trading partners regarding the delivery of goods and the related services.
- Note: Under normal circumstances the INCO terms are used to prevent any misunderstandings ( see www.incoterms.org )
Terms of Freight - All the conditions agreed upon between a carrier and a merchant about the type of freight and charges due to the carrier and whether these are prepaid or are to be collected.
- Note: The so-called Combi terms based on the INCO terms do make a distinction what of the freight and related costs is to be paid by the seller and what by the buyer. In the UN recommendation 23 a coding system is recommended to recognize the various items
Terms or Methods of Payment If the insured is not paid for any reason, he/she must dispose of the goods and, therefore, still has an insurable interest. Following are the more common Terms or Methods of Payment:
(a) Collection by Draft
The seller bears the risk until he/she is paid. If for some reason, the buyer does not accept the shipment, the seller has the problem of disposing of the goods. By arranging the insurance, the seller can minimize the risk of loss.
(b) Open Account
When sales are made on an open account, the seller has financial risk similar to collecting by draft. Here again, the seller should attempt to arrange the insurance.
(c) Letter of Credit
In this procedure, the buyer establishes credit in U.S. money through his or her bank in favor of the seller. If the seller collects by this means, the letter of credit often stipulates that he/she arrange the insurance.
Terms of Sale The point at which sellers have fulfilled their obligations so the goods in a legal sense could be said to have been delivered to the buyer. They are shorthand expressions that set out the rights and obligations of each party when it comes to transporting the goods. Following, are the thirteen terms of sale in international trade as Terms of Sale reflected in the recent amendment to the International chamber of Commerce Terms of Trade (INCOTERMS), effective July 1990: exw, fca, fas, fob, cfr, cif, cpt, cip, daf, des, deq, ddu and ddp.
- EXW (Ex Works) (...Named Place): A Term of Sale which means that the seller fulfills the obligation to deliver when he or she has made the goods available at his/her premises (i.e., works, factory, warehouse, etc.) to the buyer. In particular, the seller is not responsible for loading the goods in the vehicle provided by the buyer or for clearing the goods for export, unless otherwise agreed. The buyer bears all costs and risks involved in taking the goods from the seller's premises to the desired destination. This term thus represents the minimum obligation for the seller.
- FCA (Free Carrier) (... Named Place): A Term of Sale which means the seller fulfills their obligation when he or she has handed over the goods, cleared for export, into the charge of the carrier named by the buyer at the named place or point. If no precise point is indicated by the buyer, the seller may choose, within the place or range stipulated, where the carrier should take the goods into their charge.
- FAS (Free Alongside Ship) (...Named Port of Shipment): A Term of Sale which means the seller fulfills his obligation to deliver when the goods have been placed alongside the vessel on the quay or in lighters at the named port of shipment.This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of loss of or damage to the goods from that moment.
- FOB (Free On Board) (...Named Port of Shipment): An International Term of Sale that means the seller fulfills his or her obligation to deliver when the goods have passed over the ship's rail at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks to loss of or damage to the goods from that point. The FOB term requires the seller to clear the goods for export.
- CFR (Cost and Freight) (...Named Port of Destination): A Term of Sale where the seller pays the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination, Terms of Sale but the risk of loss of or damage to the goods, as (continued) well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time the goods have been delivered on board the vessel, is transferred from the seller to the buyer when the goods pass the ship's rail in the port of shipment. The CFR term requires the seller to clear the goods for export.
- CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight) (...Named Place of Destination): A Term of Sale where the seller has the same obligations as under the CFR but also has to procure marine insurance against the buyer's risk of loss or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premium. The CIF term requires the seller to clear the goods for export.
- CPT (Carriage Paid To) (...Named Place of Destination): A Term of Sale which means the seller pays the freight for the carriage of the goods to the named destination. The risk of loss of or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time the goods have been delivered to the carrier, is transferred from the seller to the buyer when the goods have been delivered into the custody of the carrier. If subsequent carriers are used for the carriage to the agreed upon destination, the risk passes when the goods have been delivered to the first carrier. The CPT term requires the seller to clear the goods for export.
- CIP (Carriage and Insurance Paid To) (...Named Place of Destination): A Term of Sale which means the seller has the same obligations as under CPT, but with the addition that the seller has to procure cargo insurance against the buyer's risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premium. The buyer should note that under the CIP term the seller is required to obtain insurance only on minimum coverage. The CIP term requires the seller to clear the goods for export.
- DAF (Delivered At Frontier) (...Named Place): A Term of Sale which means the sellers fulfill their obligation to deliver when the goods have been made available, cleared for export, at the named point and placed at the frontier, but before the customs Terms of Sale border of the adjoining country. (continued)
- DDU (Delivered Duty Unpaid) (...Named Port of Destination): A Term of Sale where the seller fulfills his obligation to deliver when the goods have been made available at the named place in the country of importation. The seller has to bear the costs and risks involved in bringing the goods thereto (excluding duties, taxes and other official charges payable upon importation) as well as the costs and risks of carrying out customs formalities. The buyer has to pay any additional costs and to bear any risks caused by failure to clear the goods for in time.
- DDP (Delivered Duty paid) (...Named Port of Destination): "Delivered Duty Paid" means that the seller fulfills his obligation to deliver when the goods have been made available at the named place in the country of importation. The seller has to bear the risks and costs, including duties, taxes and other charges of delivering the goods thereto, clear for importation. While the EXW term represents the minimum obligation for the seller, DDP represents the maximum.
- DES (Delivered Ex Ship) (...Named Port of Destination): A Term of Sale where the seller fulfills his/her obligation to deliver when the goods have been made available to the buyer on board the ship, uncleared for import at the named port of destination. The seller has to bear all the costs and risks involved in bringing the goods to the named port destination.
- DEQ (Delivered Ex Quay, [Duty Paid]) (...Named Port of Destination): A Term of Sale which means the DDU term has been fulfilled when the goods have been available to the buyer on the quay (wharf) at the named port of destination, cleared for importation. The seller has to bear all risks and costs including duties, taxes and other charges of delivering the goods thereto.
ADDITION INCOTERMS INFORMATION:
http://www.incoterms.org
Terrorism Reinsurance Act of 2001 (TRIA) Requires that Terrorism insurance be quoted for land transits as well as ocean portions of shipments
TEU Abbreviation for "Twenty foot Equivalent Unit."
TGIF Thank God It's Friday
THC Terminal Handling Charge
Theft %26amp; Pilferage (TP) (T%26amp;P) Associated with loss to cargo from Theft of all or a portion of the shipment
Thermal Container A container built with insulating walls, doors, floor and roof by which heat exchange with the environment is minimized thus limiting temperature variations of the cargo.
Third Party Logistics (3PL) Supply of logistics related operations between traders by an independent organization.
Through Charge The total rate from point of departure to point of destination. It may be a joint rate or a combination of rates (aircargo). -- Synonym: Through Rate.
Through Bill of Lading Also Known As a "Through Bill" or "Thru Bill" - A single bill of lading covering receipt of the cargo at the point of origin for delivery to the ultimate consignee, using two or more modes of transportation.
Through Charge See "Through Rate"
Through Rate The total rate from the point of origin to final destination.
Through Route The total route from point of departure to point of destination (aircargo).
Throughput Charge The charge for moving a container through a container yard off or onto a ship.
Thwartships At right angles to centerline of ship/vessel
THX Thanks
TIA Thanks In Advance
TIB See "Temporary Importation under Bond"
Tier A horizontal division of a vessel from bottom to top. The numbers run from bottom to deck and from deck upwards and are used as a part of the indication of a stowage place for containers.
TILII Tell It Like It Is
Tilt Transport Road transport whereby the cargo area is protected against the elements by means of a tilt made of canvas or other pliable material.
Time Bar Time after which legal claims will not be entered/accepted.
Time Charter A contract for leasing between the ship owners and the lessee. It would state, e.g., the duration of the lease in years or voyages.
Time Definite
(TD or t/d) Time Definite - normally a guaranteed delivery time with assumed liabilities if delivery is not made by a "guaranteed" time.
NOTE: Normal cargo insurance rarely covers "guaranteed" deliver by a set time without explicit approval of Underwriters.
Time Draft A draft that matures either a certain number of days after acceptance or a certain number of days after the date of the draft.
Time/Service Rate A rail rate that is based upon transit time.
Time Sheet Statement, drawn-up by the ship's agent at the loading and discharging ports, which details the time worked in loading and discharging the cargo together with the amount of laytime used.
TIR - "Transport International par la Route." Road transport operating agreement among European governments and the United States for the international movement of cargo by road. Display of the TIR carnet allows sealed containerloads to cross national frontiers without inspection.
- "Terminal Interchange Receipt" - Interchange receipt between trucker and carrier; document showing condition of container/equipment at the time of interchange.
TL Abbreviation for "Trailer Load." or for "Total" or for "Truck Load"
TLK2UL8R Talk To You Later
TMI Too Much Information
TNT 'Till Next Time
TOFC Abbreviation for "Trailer on Flat Car." The movement of a highway trailer on a railroad flatcar. Also known as Piggyback.
Ton (Tonne) - Unit of weight measurement: 1000 kilograms (metric ton) or 2,240 lbs (long ton) or 2000 lbs (short ton).
- Unit of cubic measurement, mainly used to express the cubic capacity of a vessel.
- Unit of weight or measurement used as a basis for the calculation of freights (freight ton).
Ton-Mile - A unit used in comparing freight earnings or expenses. The amount earned from the cost of hauling a ton of freight one mile.
- The movement of a ton of freight one mile.
Tonnage 100 cubic feet.
Tonnage Generally refers to freight handled.
Top-Air Delivery A type of air circulation in a container. In top air units, air is drawn from the bottom of the container, filtered through the evaporator for cooling and then forced through the ducted passages along the top of the container. This type of airflow requires a special loading pattern.
To Pay As Total Loss (Ins) Used in an ancillary insurances relating to the cargo (e.g. increased value) when the Assured is not required to show evidence of loss or interest and can claim on the policy if he can show that a corresponding loss has been settled on the main cargo policy.
TOPCA 'Till Our Paths Cross Again
Topside(s) The sides of a ship between the waterline and the deck; sometimes referring to onto or above the deck
TOSCA Toxic Substance Control Act, An extra release that is needed for chemicals, hazardous material, etc. Not a charge by customs, but brokers may charge extra to get the release.
Total Cost Analysis A decision-making approach that considers total system cost minimization and recognizes the interrelationship among system variables such as transportation, warehousing, inventory, and customer service.
Total Quality Management (TQM) A management approach championed by Demming in which managers constantly communicate with organizational stakeholders to emphasize the importance of continuous quality improvement.
Total Loss (Ins) This can be actual total loss or constructive total loss, where the cost of damage repair exceeds the value of the property insured.
Tow When one or more vessels are being towed; when a tug is towing one or more floating objects; to pull an object in the water by means of a rope.
Towage The charge made for towing a vessel.
TP Theft %26amp; Pilferage
TPND Theft, Pilferage %26amp; Non-Delivery
TPTB The Powers That Be
TQM See "Total Quality Management"
Tracing Determining a shipment's location during the course of a move.
Track %26amp; Trace Usually a computer-based monitoring system that tracks the movement of goods in real time along the supply chain.
Tracking The function of maintaining status information, including current location, of cargo, cargo items, consignments or containers either full or empty.
Traction The power to grip or hold to a surface while moving without slipping.
Tractor Unit of highway motive power used to pull one or more trailers/containers.
Trade A term used to define a geographic area or specific route served by carriers.
Trade Acceptance A time or a date draft that has been accepted by the buyer (the drawee) for payment at maturity.
Trade Lane The combination of the origin and destination points.
Trade Loss A loss, usually small in amount, specific to certain kinds of cargo and which, because it is expected, is uninsurable. For example, seepage or evaporation of liquid from wooden casks.
Traffic - Persons and property carried by transport lines,
- The number of passengers, quantity of cargo etc. carried over a certain route.
Traffic Management The buying and controlling of transportation services for a shipper or consignee, or both.
Trailer The truck unit into which freight is loaded as in tractor trailer combination. See Container.
Trailer On Flat-Car (TOFC) Carriage of intermodal containers when the container is still attached to the chassis, and both chassis and container are loaded on a rail flat car.
Tramp Line An ocean carrier company operating vessels not on regular runs or schedules. They call at any port where cargo may be available.
Tramp Vessel A vessel not operating under a regular schedule.
Trans-Siberian Landbridge (TSR) Overland route from Europe to the Far East via the Trans Siberian Railway (TSR).
Transfer Cargo Cargo arriving at a point by one flight and continuing there-from by another flight (aircargo).
Transfer Risk Risk incurred by the seller of goods that, due to the fact that his country has a negative balance of payments, no foreign exchange (US dollars or other "hard" currency) may be available to the buyer when he is ready to pay for the goods.
Transferable Letter of Credit Type of letter of credit that names a middleman as beneficiary and allows him to give another party, the actual supplier, certain rights to present documents and receive payment under the letter of credit. Transfer must be effected by a bank authorized to do so by the issuing bank and involves notifying the transferee (called the "second beneficiary") of what documents he must present. The documents must be the same as those required in the letter of credit itself but the price of the goods may be reduced and the middleman’s name may be required to be listed in the transferee’s invoices as the buyer, thereby allowing the middleman to substitute invoices at a higher price and receive the difference without disclosing the name of the actual end-buyer. The transferring bank is not obligated to pay documents presented under the transfer¾ such obligation remains with the issuing bank.
Transferring Carrier A participating carrier who delivers the consignment to another carrier at a transfer point (aircargo).
Transit Cargo - Cargo between outwards customs clearance and inwards customs clearance.
- Cargo arriving at a point and departing there-from by the same through flight (aircargo).
Transit Clause (Ins) A clause in the Institute Cargo Clauses, specifying the attachment and termination of cover.
Transit Privilege A carrier service that permits the shipper to stop the shipment in transit to perform a function that changes the commodity's physical characteristics, but to still pay the through rate.
Transit Shipment A shipment passing between one port and another, or between a port and a final destination.
Transit Time The total time that elapses between a shipment's delivery and its pickup.
Transit Zones Transit zones, a form of free trade zone, are ports of entry in coastal countries that are established as storage and distribution centers for the convenience of a neighboring country lacking adequate port facilities or access to the sea. A transit zone is administered so that goods in transit to and from the neighboring country are not subject to the customs duties, import controls or many of the entry and exit formalities of the host country. Transit zones are more limited facilities then a foreign trade zone or a free port.
Transmittal Letter Contains a list of the particulars of the shipment, a record of the documents being transmitted, and instructions for disposition of these documents. Any special instructions are also included.
Transponder A device (chip) used for identification, which automatically transmits certain coded data when actuated by a special signal from an interrogator.
Transport To move cargo from one place to another.
Transport Documents See "Shipping Documents"
Transport International by Road (TIR) A set of rules following a customs convention to facilitate the international, European transport of goods by road with minimal interference under cover of TIR-carnets.
Transportation %26amp; Exit (T%26amp;E) Allows foreign merchandise arriving at one port to be transported in bond through the U.S. to be exported from another port, without paying duty.
Transportation Method A linear programming technique that determines the least-cost means of shipping goods from plants to warehouses or from warehouses to customers.
Transportation Requirements Planning (TRP) Utilizing computer technology and information already available in MRP and DRP databases to plan transportation needs based on field demand.
Transport Services Services offered by the transport provider.
Transship To transfer goods from one transportation line to another, or from one ship to another.
Transshipment Transshipment refers to the act of sending an exported product through an intermediate country before routing it to the country intended to be its final destination.
- A shipment under one Bill of Lading, whereby sea (ocean) transport is 'broken' into two or more parts. The port where the sea (ocean) transport is 'broken' is the transhipment port.
- Transfer of cargo from one means of transport to another for oncarriage during the course of one transport operation.
- Customs: Customs procedure under which goods are transferred under customs control from the importing means of transport to the exporting means of transport within the area of one customs office which is the office of both importation and exportation.
Transshipment Port Place where cargo is transferred to another carrier.
Transmittal Letter A list of the particulars of the shipment and a record of the documents being transmitted together with instructions for disposition of documents. Any special instructions are also included.
TRC Terminal Receiving Charge - Charge assessed by the terminal for cargo being delivered for export.
TRF or Trf See "Tariff"
TRIA See "Terrorism Reinsurance Act"
Trim Fore and Aft balance of ship
Trip See "Voyage"
Trip Cover Insurance term denoting coverage for one "Trip" or "Voyage"
Trip Lease Leasing a company's vehicle to another transportation provider for a single trip
Trip Recorder Cab-mounted device which electronically or mechanically records data such as truck speed, engine rpm, idle time and other information useful to trucking management.
TRP See "Transportation Requirements Planning"
Truck Class of automotive vehicles of various sizes and designs for transporting goods
Truck Load (TL) The quantity of freight required to fill a trailer; usually more than 10,000 pounds.
Truckmen's Liability Form (Ins) See "Motor Truck Cargo"
Trunk Main line - Primary Line of transport
Trunking Movement of containers between terminal and carrier's inland facilities.
Trunk Lines Oil pipelines used for the long-distance movements of crude oil, refined oil, or other liquid products.
Trust Receipt Release of merchandise by a bank to a buyer while the bank retains title to the merchandise. The goods are usually obtained for manufacturing or sales purposes. The buyer is obligated to maintain the goods (or the proceeds from their sales) distinct from the remainder of the assets and to hold them ready for repossession by the bank.
TSA Transportation Security Administration
TSR See "Trans-Siberian Landbridge"
TSUSA See "Tariff Schedules of the United States"
TTFN Ta-Ta For Now
TTL Total
TU Thank You
Tug A small vessel designed to tow or push large ships or barges. Tugs have powerful diesel engines and are essential to docks and ports to maneuver large ships into their berths. Pusher tugs are also used to push enormous trains of barges on the rivers and inland waterways of the U.S. Oceangoing salvage tugs provide assistance to ships in distress and engage in such work as towing drilling rigs and oil production platforms.
Tugmaster Brand name of tractor unit used in ports to pull trailers. They are equipped with a fifth wheel or a gooseneck type of coupling.
Turnaround In water transportation, the time it takes between the arrival of a vessel and its departure.
TW Tween Decker
Tween Deck Cargo carrying surface below the main deck dividing a hold horizontally in an upper and a lower compartment.
Twenty foot Equivalent Unit (TEU) TEU is a measure of a ship's cargo-carrying capacity. One TEU measures twenty feet by eight feet by eight feet -- the dimensions of a standard twenty-foot container.
Twist Locks A set of four twistable bayonet type shear keys used as part of a spreader to pick up a container or as part of a chassis to secure the containers.
Two-Way Pallet A pallet so designed that the forks of a fork lift truck can be inserted from two sides only.
TY Thank You
Type of Cargo An indication of the sort of cargo to be transported, (e.g. Break Bulk, Containerized, RoRo).
Type of Equipment The type of material used, e.g. 40 feet container, four way pallet or mafi trailer.
Type of Load Indicator A general reference or a classification of loads of cargo like 'FCL', 'LCL', 'unpacked' and even ship's convenience container, though this is rarely used nowadays.
Type of Means of Transport The type of vehicle used in the transport process, e.g. wide-body aircraft, tank truck or passenger vessel.
Type of Movement Description of the service for movement of containers.
Note: The following type of movement can be indicated on B/L and Manifest all combinations of FCL and LCL and break bulk and RoRo. Whilst only on the manifest combinations of House, Yard and CFS can be mentioned.
Type of Packing Description of the packaging material used to wrap, contain and protect goods to be transported.
Type of Transport - The indication whether the carrier or the merchant effects and bears the responsibility for inland transport of cargo in containers i.e. a differentiation between the logistical and legal responsibility.
- Note: Values are Carrier haulage and Merchant haulage, whilst in this context special cases are carrier-nominated merchant haulage, and merchant nominated carrier haulage.
Type of Vessel The sort of vessel used in the transport process e.g. Container, RoRo, or Multi Purpose.
DISCLAIMER: These terms and definitions have been gathered from many sources public and private. This list is designed to serve as a reference. No warranty for the accuracy is stated nor implied.
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Over 3600 Ocean Marine, Shipping, Chat %26amp; Insurance Terms and Abbreviations
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Last Updated:
Wednesday, 19 April 2006 07:23:50 -0500
Looking to research shipping methods. As in what does TL %26amp; TTL mean. Where can that info be found? Thanks..?
UPS.com
DHL.com
USPS.com
broken teeth
How do I write a sociology research paper?
My Sociology teacher spent all day trying to make sure everyone understood how to write a research paper. I somehow didn't get the whole idea down. He explained 4 different kinds of methods including: Library research, Case Study, Random sample survey, and experiment. The methodology sections were different for each of the choices. I need some good references into finding out exactly how they work.
How do I write a sociology research paper?
too long to explain. I only have books about that.
try looking for inspirations into this site..Good luck !
http://www.settlement.org/index.asp
Reply:Try site below. Gives actual case study on Gerontology, Best site I found.
Reply:Library research is an easy way to do it.
you can ask you teacher to recommand you a couple books ..
Reply:ok dude. you need to get you butt up of of the desk chair and hit the libray. then you find a book on your subject and read it. wile you read it you take notes.realy detailed notes.and after that you read over your notes. then you find an idia or summery for you report type thingy. then you find a REALY quiet place to write it. make sure you take 5 min brakes to relax or eat somthing. The End.
How do I write a sociology research paper?
too long to explain. I only have books about that.
try looking for inspirations into this site..Good luck !
http://www.settlement.org/index.asp
Reply:Try site below. Gives actual case study on Gerontology, Best site I found.
Reply:Library research is an easy way to do it.
you can ask you teacher to recommand you a couple books ..
Reply:ok dude. you need to get you butt up of of the desk chair and hit the libray. then you find a book on your subject and read it. wile you read it you take notes.realy detailed notes.and after that you read over your notes. then you find an idia or summery for you report type thingy. then you find a REALY quiet place to write it. make sure you take 5 min brakes to relax or eat somthing. The End.
How can I carry out good market research?
I am wanting to set up a small business selling stuff online although I want to make sure I get pricing/goods right.
Does anyone know any really good methods of market research which doesnt involve asking on the street.
Thanks
How can I carry out good market research?
Contact your local Business Link for lots of free help and information on starting in business. They have guidance on various ways of doing market research and sometimes have advisors who specialise in internet business.
There's a lot of research that you can do on-line by looking at the sites of businesses that sell similar products.
Don't get too hung up on price. Even if people's first question is how much, they're usually more interested in the quality of the product or service you provide and whether it's really suitable for them. As long as you can satisfy those needs for them, price is a secondary consideration.
Good luck!
Reply:ummmmmmmmmmmmm ask if u can leave questionaires and surveys or leaflets in shops - im sure some will let you leave some at the till - the hairdressers is a good place to leave stuff for people to fill in.
Does anyone know any really good methods of market research which doesnt involve asking on the street.
Thanks
How can I carry out good market research?
Contact your local Business Link for lots of free help and information on starting in business. They have guidance on various ways of doing market research and sometimes have advisors who specialise in internet business.
There's a lot of research that you can do on-line by looking at the sites of businesses that sell similar products.
Don't get too hung up on price. Even if people's first question is how much, they're usually more interested in the quality of the product or service you provide and whether it's really suitable for them. As long as you can satisfy those needs for them, price is a secondary consideration.
Good luck!
Reply:ummmmmmmmmmmmm ask if u can leave questionaires and surveys or leaflets in shops - im sure some will let you leave some at the till - the hairdressers is a good place to leave stuff for people to fill in.
What are examples of descriptive qualitative research method?
In psychology, the research methods commonly classified as qualitative include:
Participant observation
Direct observation
Unstructured interviewing
Case studies
Content analysis
Protocol analysis
Focus groups
Participant observation
Direct observation
Unstructured interviewing
Case studies
Content analysis
Protocol analysis
Focus groups
Can anyone recommend sites that explain how online web research works?
I'm looking to learn more about online audience research methods, i.e. how do Hitwise, Media Metrix, NetRatings, and others work? What is their methodology. I am trying to find a site(s) that explain this. Is there such a site(s)?
Can anyone recommend sites that explain how online web research works?
Try actually asking NetRatings...I'm sure they'll be happy to tell/help you. You could always see/check if they've got a FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions) section.
:-)
canine teeth
Can anyone recommend sites that explain how online web research works?
Try actually asking NetRatings...I'm sure they'll be happy to tell/help you. You could always see/check if they've got a FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions) section.
:-)
canine teeth
1.How do we know if the research method used is appropriate for the study that we are doing?
Hi there... I was wondering if you guys could help my friend and i out...We needed sources to back up the question so it would be great if we hear from you and at the same time if it came from a book, newspaper or whatsoever to add in the source too... thanks
1.How do we know if the research method used is appropriate for the study that we are doing?
Use what somebody else used for a similar subject. That way you have 'legal right' to compare the outcome.
To be more specific you need to tell WHAT you are going to research.
1.How do we know if the research method used is appropriate for the study that we are doing?
Use what somebody else used for a similar subject. That way you have 'legal right' to compare the outcome.
To be more specific you need to tell WHAT you are going to research.
What is the best method to research your genealogy?
I am wanting to find out where my family is from. We have so many rumors about Native Indians and whether we were from France or England. We have traced a few records down to the Civil War, but those are even missing now. What is the best method to track these things down?
What is the best method to research your genealogy?
Hey Donkey,
The best method is with positive proof and records. That is what genealogy is about. You can get branches of your Tree from other Trees on the internet, but you should use them only as indications of direction, and look for their validation.
Native American, French and English are different research areas. So, you will need to use different databases and methods for researching each. The best method for tracking any thing down is to focus on the one thing at a time, first things first. The closer to you in the tree should be first. Use Cindi's list for the geographic links, go to the home, put the country in the search, and up will come many sites about that country.
Start with yourself, then your parents, then Gparents, then GG parents, then GGGparents, etc. Work your way out the tree branches. Remember these are your ancestors, be respectful of them and try to learn something about them, not just another node on a tree. Take your time and have fun.
Reply:Start simple. Try to find out about your grandparents or great grandparents. Then just go from there. Rootsweb.com is great for beginners, and has tons of information. The information you find there will lead you to information at other sites. There are sites that have Civil War veterans, where they were from and when and where they served, and even where they died if applicable. There are sites dedicated to just Native Indian research. Just start looking. Be prepared for a couple of false starts, but have fun!
Reply:Your family members are a great resource.
There are also numerous places on the web to begin your search. Places like the LDS Family Search site (free), Ancestry.com (mostly subscription) and RootsWeb.com (free %26amp; has a free newsletter available) are some of my favorites.
RootsWeb in particular has a lot of information for people just beginning to search.
What is the best method to research your genealogy?
Hey Donkey,
The best method is with positive proof and records. That is what genealogy is about. You can get branches of your Tree from other Trees on the internet, but you should use them only as indications of direction, and look for their validation.
Native American, French and English are different research areas. So, you will need to use different databases and methods for researching each. The best method for tracking any thing down is to focus on the one thing at a time, first things first. The closer to you in the tree should be first. Use Cindi's list for the geographic links, go to the home, put the country in the search, and up will come many sites about that country.
Start with yourself, then your parents, then Gparents, then GG parents, then GGGparents, etc. Work your way out the tree branches. Remember these are your ancestors, be respectful of them and try to learn something about them, not just another node on a tree. Take your time and have fun.
Reply:Start simple. Try to find out about your grandparents or great grandparents. Then just go from there. Rootsweb.com is great for beginners, and has tons of information. The information you find there will lead you to information at other sites. There are sites that have Civil War veterans, where they were from and when and where they served, and even where they died if applicable. There are sites dedicated to just Native Indian research. Just start looking. Be prepared for a couple of false starts, but have fun!
Reply:Your family members are a great resource.
There are also numerous places on the web to begin your search. Places like the LDS Family Search site (free), Ancestry.com (mostly subscription) and RootsWeb.com (free %26amp; has a free newsletter available) are some of my favorites.
RootsWeb in particular has a lot of information for people just beginning to search.
How can i use mixed methods in research?
You meant a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. That's good way to proceed especially if it's a new research area.
What is the meaning of developmental research method?
it is the way in which physical, psychological and social changes that occur at different ages and stages over a life span from conception to childbirth, is studied. the primary concern of developmental research is how we become what we are. for many years the major emphasis was laid on child and adolescent development. but now an increasing number of developmental research show strong interest in adult development and ageing. they focus on the biological, socio-cultural and environmental factors that influence psychological characteristics such as intelligence, cognition, emotion, morality and social relationships.
human teeth
human teeth
What is research method and its characteristics?
Research is often described as an active, diligent, and systematic process of inquiry aimed at discovering, interpreting and revising facts. This intellectual investigation produces a greater understanding of events, behaviors, or theories, and makes practical applications through laws and theories. The term research is also used to describe a collection of information about a particular subject, and is usually associated with science and the scientific method.
The word research derives from Middle French (see French language); its literal meaning is 'to investigate thoroughly'.
What is research method and its characteristics?
research method is the process thats explains how to do a research.
Steps involved are
Problem statement
research objectives
research design
data collection
data preparation
data analysis
results/findings
It will guide u to do research perfectly..
The word research derives from Middle French (see French language); its literal meaning is 'to investigate thoroughly'.
What is research method and its characteristics?
research method is the process thats explains how to do a research.
Steps involved are
Problem statement
research objectives
research design
data collection
data preparation
data analysis
results/findings
It will guide u to do research perfectly..
I have a market research exam in 25 mins. Can someone explain methods of sampling to me?
You have about 10 minutes to memorise the following:
Sampling is simply taking data gained from surveying a small portion of a population and using it to predict certain features about the entire population. We use sampling for several reasons:
(1)to save money,
(2)to save time,
(3)to be more accurate,
(4)to avoid destruction or contamination of a product.
Definitions
Element: unit about which information is sought e.g. individuals, products etc.
Population: All the elements defined prior to selection of the sample. It has four parts: elements, sampling units, extent, and time.
Elements: males or females aged 8 – 80 who have watched an existing TV programme
Time : in the past 30 days.
Units: households
Time: March 2003-03-07
Sampling unit: The element or elements available for selection at some stage of the sampling process, e.g. females 20-40, males 18-24 etc.
Sampling frame: A list that identifies the target population. It is a list of all sampling units available e.g. Telephone Directory. The frame defines the unit. Target population minus operational population = sample gap. Combine lists to minimise sample gap.
Study Population: The group of elements from which the sample is drawn.
Stages Involved In Sampling
Who is to be surveyed?
How many should be surveyed?
How should the sample respondents be chosen?
Screening questions define who should and should not be included.
1.Define the target population
2.Identify the sampling frame
3.Determine sample size: Study objectives, time constraints, cost constraints, data analysis procedures.
4.Select sampling procedure – various techniques available
5. Select the sample
Probability Sampling Designs
Each element in the population has a known chance of being selected in the sample.
a.Simple Random Sampling – Each element in the population has an equal chance of being selected. It is used in all complex probability sample designs. For example, suppose we want a simple random sample of two cases from a population of five:
Five Cases: A, B, C, D, E. Ten Possible Pairs: AB, AC, AD, AE, BC, BD, BE, CD, CE, and DE.
Each combination has a 1/10 chance of being selected. Each case has a 4/10 chance of being selected.
b.Multi-Stage Sampling - Where it would cost too much to send researchers all over the country, multi-stage sampling is used to reduce the cost. The procedure is as follows:
1.Divide the country into dozens of regions.
2.Select three or four areas using random sampling methods.
3.Divide these into dozens of areas again and select three or four again.
Continue dividing and selecting until the areas are small enough to make Random Sampling methods possible.
c.Systematic Sampling – The researcher selects every nth in the frame after a random start, i.e., uniform intervals. Example: a telephone book of 400 pages with 400 listings per page has 160,000 numbers. If we require a sample of 1,000, we take every 160th item and begin with a random number between 1 and 160. There is high likelihood of bias if some unknown pattern occurs in the process.
a.Stratified Sampling – Defined population is divided into mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive sub-groups. Let’s look at the difference in wages between male and female workers. Across the UK, there are four female workers for every five males. The procedure is:
1.Decide the total sample size (say 1000)
2.Divide this into groups (strata) with the same proportion as the population (400 females and 500 males).
3.Select the 400 females and 500 males using random numbers.
4.Add the results together.
Benefits: We can do analysis within strata with a smaller standard error than that available for the whole sample. Thus, our confidence interval is smaller, too. Most companies use stratified sampling. Example: suppose we are asked to monitor the retail sales of Folger’s coffee. To do this, we want to measure the unit sales level of Folger’s in a sample of stores. What stratification variables should we use? We should first answer the question: What factors contribute to the variability in the variable we intend to measure. (Size of store, day of the week, region of the country)
b.Cluster Sampling - The country is divided into areas as with Multi-Stage Sampling. Researchers are sent to the areas with instructions to interview every person who meets the desired criteria, e.g., every mother with a child aged under one year old.
Designing Cluster Samples
How homogeneous are the clusters?
Shall we seek equal or unequal clusters?
How large a cluster shall we take?
Shall we use a single-stage or multistage cluster?
How large a sample is needed.
c. Area Sampling - is a sampling of areas. Suppose we want to run an in-home test of a new shampoo. We decide to run this test in Birmingham. An accurate list of all households is not available. So we select an area sample as follows:
1. List all city areas in Birmingham.
2. Choose a simple random or systematic sample.
3. Attempt to place the product in all households in the chosen area.
Non-probability Sampling
The selection of the population element is based in some part at the discretion of the researcher or interviewer.
When to use
Procedure satisfactorily meets the sampling objectives
Lower Cost than Probability sampling
When time is limited
Not as much human error as selecting a completely random sample
Total list population not available
Types of Non-probability Sampling
c.Convenience Sampling – Samples are selected on the basis of convenience of the researchers. No sample design is used. Choice left to interviewer. Example: having employees test a new product. Unlikely to be any more than of some help in designing a research project and sample design.
d.Judgement Sampling – Samples are selected on the basis of what some expert thinks these particular sampling units will contribute to the research problem. Used more often in industrial than consumer research. Example: if 80% of business comes from 20% of customers, judgement will take a sample of half of the 20% and half of the 80%. Judgement cancels out sampling errors as long as sub-groups are represented among the 80%.
e.Quota Sampling – Researcher takes explicit steps to obtain a sample that is similar to the population on a specified ‘control’ characteristics. These characteristics might be knowledge of proportions of sub-groups among a population. Interviewers fill in proportional “cells”. Leads to substantial bias that cannot be measured. Students research ACORN types and groups.
Response Errors
Such errors occur when :
Giving an answer that will please the interviewer
Wishing to appear socially acceptable or politically correct
Faulty memory, fatigue or nature of questions
Unfamiliarity with subject matter
Interviewer influence
Avoid with screening questions that prove respondent has enough information
Avoid bias in wording of questions
Test questionnaire in a pilot study
Train interviewers to avoid influencing respondents’ answers
Small Population Samples
Used when researching the effects of prescription drugs among a small number of patients.
Direct screening – Using telephone or in a shopping centre. Waste of interviewer time, slow and expensive.
Two-phase Screening - The first identifies people who qualify and the second gets the required data from them. Use Cluster sampling, omnibus studies or panels.
Stratification – using demographic characteristics to identify areas of concentration then adopting a main technique.
Multiframe Sampling – a list of the desired population is incomplete or not available so use two frames.
High yield Clusters – using Systematic sampling methods to identify clusters by telephone.
Snowballing – having found one qualifying respondent, we ask him or her to identify others to develop a network of contacts. Each network becomes the sampling unit.
I have a market research exam in 25 mins. Can someone explain methods of sampling to me?
You take something. Thats it. Good luck!!
Reply:So, for your high-level course exam, this is your preparation?
Gotta love that!
Reply:oh dear, sampling is simply where you get your sample of interviewies from. so you may be using RDD random digit dialing, or u may be using a database used for more specific cases, such as specific groups i.e for a survey on truck tyres you only want business with trucks. or a survey on radio listening trends amongst teenagers would require a teenage sample. etc. good luck is it for a job? if so which company is it? is it IpsosMori?
Sampling is simply taking data gained from surveying a small portion of a population and using it to predict certain features about the entire population. We use sampling for several reasons:
(1)to save money,
(2)to save time,
(3)to be more accurate,
(4)to avoid destruction or contamination of a product.
Definitions
Element: unit about which information is sought e.g. individuals, products etc.
Population: All the elements defined prior to selection of the sample. It has four parts: elements, sampling units, extent, and time.
Elements: males or females aged 8 – 80 who have watched an existing TV programme
Time : in the past 30 days.
Units: households
Time: March 2003-03-07
Sampling unit: The element or elements available for selection at some stage of the sampling process, e.g. females 20-40, males 18-24 etc.
Sampling frame: A list that identifies the target population. It is a list of all sampling units available e.g. Telephone Directory. The frame defines the unit. Target population minus operational population = sample gap. Combine lists to minimise sample gap.
Study Population: The group of elements from which the sample is drawn.
Stages Involved In Sampling
Who is to be surveyed?
How many should be surveyed?
How should the sample respondents be chosen?
Screening questions define who should and should not be included.
1.Define the target population
2.Identify the sampling frame
3.Determine sample size: Study objectives, time constraints, cost constraints, data analysis procedures.
4.Select sampling procedure – various techniques available
5. Select the sample
Probability Sampling Designs
Each element in the population has a known chance of being selected in the sample.
a.Simple Random Sampling – Each element in the population has an equal chance of being selected. It is used in all complex probability sample designs. For example, suppose we want a simple random sample of two cases from a population of five:
Five Cases: A, B, C, D, E. Ten Possible Pairs: AB, AC, AD, AE, BC, BD, BE, CD, CE, and DE.
Each combination has a 1/10 chance of being selected. Each case has a 4/10 chance of being selected.
b.Multi-Stage Sampling - Where it would cost too much to send researchers all over the country, multi-stage sampling is used to reduce the cost. The procedure is as follows:
1.Divide the country into dozens of regions.
2.Select three or four areas using random sampling methods.
3.Divide these into dozens of areas again and select three or four again.
Continue dividing and selecting until the areas are small enough to make Random Sampling methods possible.
c.Systematic Sampling – The researcher selects every nth in the frame after a random start, i.e., uniform intervals. Example: a telephone book of 400 pages with 400 listings per page has 160,000 numbers. If we require a sample of 1,000, we take every 160th item and begin with a random number between 1 and 160. There is high likelihood of bias if some unknown pattern occurs in the process.
a.Stratified Sampling – Defined population is divided into mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive sub-groups. Let’s look at the difference in wages between male and female workers. Across the UK, there are four female workers for every five males. The procedure is:
1.Decide the total sample size (say 1000)
2.Divide this into groups (strata) with the same proportion as the population (400 females and 500 males).
3.Select the 400 females and 500 males using random numbers.
4.Add the results together.
Benefits: We can do analysis within strata with a smaller standard error than that available for the whole sample. Thus, our confidence interval is smaller, too. Most companies use stratified sampling. Example: suppose we are asked to monitor the retail sales of Folger’s coffee. To do this, we want to measure the unit sales level of Folger’s in a sample of stores. What stratification variables should we use? We should first answer the question: What factors contribute to the variability in the variable we intend to measure. (Size of store, day of the week, region of the country)
b.Cluster Sampling - The country is divided into areas as with Multi-Stage Sampling. Researchers are sent to the areas with instructions to interview every person who meets the desired criteria, e.g., every mother with a child aged under one year old.
Designing Cluster Samples
How homogeneous are the clusters?
Shall we seek equal or unequal clusters?
How large a cluster shall we take?
Shall we use a single-stage or multistage cluster?
How large a sample is needed.
c. Area Sampling - is a sampling of areas. Suppose we want to run an in-home test of a new shampoo. We decide to run this test in Birmingham. An accurate list of all households is not available. So we select an area sample as follows:
1. List all city areas in Birmingham.
2. Choose a simple random or systematic sample.
3. Attempt to place the product in all households in the chosen area.
Non-probability Sampling
The selection of the population element is based in some part at the discretion of the researcher or interviewer.
When to use
Procedure satisfactorily meets the sampling objectives
Lower Cost than Probability sampling
When time is limited
Not as much human error as selecting a completely random sample
Total list population not available
Types of Non-probability Sampling
c.Convenience Sampling – Samples are selected on the basis of convenience of the researchers. No sample design is used. Choice left to interviewer. Example: having employees test a new product. Unlikely to be any more than of some help in designing a research project and sample design.
d.Judgement Sampling – Samples are selected on the basis of what some expert thinks these particular sampling units will contribute to the research problem. Used more often in industrial than consumer research. Example: if 80% of business comes from 20% of customers, judgement will take a sample of half of the 20% and half of the 80%. Judgement cancels out sampling errors as long as sub-groups are represented among the 80%.
e.Quota Sampling – Researcher takes explicit steps to obtain a sample that is similar to the population on a specified ‘control’ characteristics. These characteristics might be knowledge of proportions of sub-groups among a population. Interviewers fill in proportional “cells”. Leads to substantial bias that cannot be measured. Students research ACORN types and groups.
Response Errors
Such errors occur when :
Giving an answer that will please the interviewer
Wishing to appear socially acceptable or politically correct
Faulty memory, fatigue or nature of questions
Unfamiliarity with subject matter
Interviewer influence
Avoid with screening questions that prove respondent has enough information
Avoid bias in wording of questions
Test questionnaire in a pilot study
Train interviewers to avoid influencing respondents’ answers
Small Population Samples
Used when researching the effects of prescription drugs among a small number of patients.
Direct screening – Using telephone or in a shopping centre. Waste of interviewer time, slow and expensive.
Two-phase Screening - The first identifies people who qualify and the second gets the required data from them. Use Cluster sampling, omnibus studies or panels.
Stratification – using demographic characteristics to identify areas of concentration then adopting a main technique.
Multiframe Sampling – a list of the desired population is incomplete or not available so use two frames.
High yield Clusters – using Systematic sampling methods to identify clusters by telephone.
Snowballing – having found one qualifying respondent, we ask him or her to identify others to develop a network of contacts. Each network becomes the sampling unit.
I have a market research exam in 25 mins. Can someone explain methods of sampling to me?
You take something. Thats it. Good luck!!
Reply:So, for your high-level course exam, this is your preparation?
Gotta love that!
Reply:oh dear, sampling is simply where you get your sample of interviewies from. so you may be using RDD random digit dialing, or u may be using a database used for more specific cases, such as specific groups i.e for a survey on truck tyres you only want business with trucks. or a survey on radio listening trends amongst teenagers would require a teenage sample. etc. good luck is it for a job? if so which company is it? is it IpsosMori?
What are methods used for the science research in terms of philosophy?e.g. positivism,and what else?
what are methods that are used for the science research?e.g. positivism,and what else? I mean the methods in terms of philosophy instead of research technique.
What are methods used for the science research in terms of philosophy?e.g. positivism,and what else?
Wikipedia "Philosophy of Science" gives a better introduction than I ever could.
Reply:deontological (or ontological) reasoning? -- I think that's what you're going for..but maybe not
What are methods used for the science research in terms of philosophy?e.g. positivism,and what else?
Wikipedia "Philosophy of Science" gives a better introduction than I ever could.
Reply:deontological (or ontological) reasoning? -- I think that's what you're going for..but maybe not
What are common methods that people use to pay tax liability?
I am trying to research the different methods that people use to pay tax liabilities at the end of the year (i.e. credit card, check, electronic funds transfer, etc) and what percent of the population uses each. I am incorporating this information into research on refund anticipation loans.
Also, anybody have any information on methods that people use to receive their refunds? (i.e. direct deposit, IRS check, refund anticipation loan, etc)
What are common methods that people use to pay tax liability?
I send in checks. If the amount that I owe is a lot, I usually send in some of it and a note along with the check stating when I will be able to pay the balance. IRS does work with you.
Also, I get any refunds direct deposited into my account.
Reply:People can pay as they go by sending quaterly payments. The widely use method is sending a check when they file their returns at the end of the year.
my cat
Also, anybody have any information on methods that people use to receive their refunds? (i.e. direct deposit, IRS check, refund anticipation loan, etc)
What are common methods that people use to pay tax liability?
I send in checks. If the amount that I owe is a lot, I usually send in some of it and a note along with the check stating when I will be able to pay the balance. IRS does work with you.
Also, I get any refunds direct deposited into my account.
Reply:People can pay as they go by sending quaterly payments. The widely use method is sending a check when they file their returns at the end of the year.
my cat
4 clinical catergories from the nursing research book methods of critical appraisal need help what is it.?
my aunt is taking an online class she went out of town and she cant find her book does any one know what the four critical catergories are and if there is an online book i can look into. her work is do tonite thankyou all.
4 clinical catergories from the nursing research book methods of critical appraisal need help what is it.?
Sorry, I know this is probably too late, but I didn't see your question till now...
Critical appraisal is the technique used in Evidence Based Nursing (EBN) that facilitates the effectiveness of research by allowing the user to quickly exclude papers that are of too poor a quality to inform practice and to systematically evaluate those that are of merit. In a Evidence-based Nursing practice, the nurse must:
Clearly identify the issue or problem based on accurate analysis of current nursing knowledge and practice;
Search the literature for relevant research;
Evaluate the research evidence using established criteria regarding scientific merit; and
Choose interventions and justify the selection with the most valid evidence.
I know it's too late to assist your aunt, but hopefully it might help down the road.
4 clinical catergories from the nursing research book methods of critical appraisal need help what is it.?
Sorry, I know this is probably too late, but I didn't see your question till now...
Critical appraisal is the technique used in Evidence Based Nursing (EBN) that facilitates the effectiveness of research by allowing the user to quickly exclude papers that are of too poor a quality to inform practice and to systematically evaluate those that are of merit. In a Evidence-based Nursing practice, the nurse must:
Clearly identify the issue or problem based on accurate analysis of current nursing knowledge and practice;
Search the literature for relevant research;
Evaluate the research evidence using established criteria regarding scientific merit; and
Choose interventions and justify the selection with the most valid evidence.
I know it's too late to assist your aunt, but hopefully it might help down the road.
I need to support these two arguments regarding Stem Cell Research?
I need to support the argument that Stem cell research is moral and:
1. They should be acquired, because embryos are being discarded that are stored in clinics since they can be used to cure diseases and are discarded anyway.
2. Other stem cell research methods...like Skin, or umbilical cords are not harmful to any living person.
If i could get some awesome sources for this info, I'm not looking for someone to summarize anything, I just need some good sources of information supporting this! Thanks! :)
I need to support these two arguments regarding Stem Cell Research?
These are 2 very good sides of the topic. Just try researching it and I know you will get many sources to help you. After all, part of the homework process is researching on your own ;)
Reply:ZOMG I KNOW YOU HACK!
1. They should be acquired, because embryos are being discarded that are stored in clinics since they can be used to cure diseases and are discarded anyway.
2. Other stem cell research methods...like Skin, or umbilical cords are not harmful to any living person.
If i could get some awesome sources for this info, I'm not looking for someone to summarize anything, I just need some good sources of information supporting this! Thanks! :)
I need to support these two arguments regarding Stem Cell Research?
These are 2 very good sides of the topic. Just try researching it and I know you will get many sources to help you. After all, part of the homework process is researching on your own ;)
Reply:ZOMG I KNOW YOU HACK!
Factorial or Mixed factorial design? Research methods in Psychology?
I can not figure out if this study is a factorial or a mixed factorial design, this is not a homework assignment, but it is on our study guide, although we don't have answers to it! If anyone could help this would be great ( an explanation would be great as well)
Dr. Grobe is trying to determine the best way to help people stop smoking.
He conducts an experiment in which he uses both drugs (nicotine gum vs.
the nicotine patch) and mood modification (sad movies of dying smokers or
funny “Friends” episodes). Half of the participants get to use gum and half
get to use the patch. Within these groups, half of the participants get to
watch an episode of “Friends” each time they visit the lab, and half get to
watch a 22 minute movie depicting dying smokers telling their life stories.
The average number of cigarettes smoked per day for a two-week period at
the conclusion of the study (the study lasts four weeks), is the dependent
measure
Factorial or Mixed factorial design? Research methods in Psychology?
It is mixed factorial because it is both between subjects, gum vs patch and within subjects, Friends Vs smoking videos. A factorial design involves just differences between independent variables.
Reply:Great question. Finally a question in this forum that deals with psychological science. It is indeed mixed factorial.
Reply:yeah, i'd have to agree. ?.
Dr. Grobe is trying to determine the best way to help people stop smoking.
He conducts an experiment in which he uses both drugs (nicotine gum vs.
the nicotine patch) and mood modification (sad movies of dying smokers or
funny “Friends” episodes). Half of the participants get to use gum and half
get to use the patch. Within these groups, half of the participants get to
watch an episode of “Friends” each time they visit the lab, and half get to
watch a 22 minute movie depicting dying smokers telling their life stories.
The average number of cigarettes smoked per day for a two-week period at
the conclusion of the study (the study lasts four weeks), is the dependent
measure
Factorial or Mixed factorial design? Research methods in Psychology?
It is mixed factorial because it is both between subjects, gum vs patch and within subjects, Friends Vs smoking videos. A factorial design involves just differences between independent variables.
Reply:Great question. Finally a question in this forum that deals with psychological science. It is indeed mixed factorial.
Reply:yeah, i'd have to agree. ?.
What is the meaning of descriptive research method?
Descriptive rearch methods are those that are meant to illustrate a point about the sample population. For example, if you wanted to know how many college students binge drink, you could do a simple random sample style survey that asks college students how much they drink. You could then develop a level that is considered binge drinking. By not doing any further analysis on the topic (you are not trying to figure out if binge drinking is related to gpa) you are only describing the data collected using your research method and therefore conducting descriptive research.
dog teeth
dog teeth
Factorial or Mixed factorial design? Research methods in Psychology?
I can not figure out if this study is a factorial or a mixed factorial design, this is not a homework assignment, but it is on our study guide, although we don't have answers to it! If anyone could help this would be great ( an explanation would be great as well)
Dr. Grobe is trying to determine the best way to help people stop smoking.
He conducts an experiment in which he uses both drugs (nicotine gum vs.
the nicotine patch) and mood modification (sad movies of dying smokers or
funny “Friends” episodes). Half of the participants get to use gum and half
get to use the patch. Within these groups, half of the participants get to
watch an episode of “Friends” each time they visit the lab, and half get to
watch a 22 minute movie depicting dying smokers telling their life stories.
The average number of cigarettes smoked per day for a two-week period at
the conclusion of the study (the study lasts four weeks), is the dependent
measure
Factorial or Mixed factorial design? Research methods in Psychology?
It is mixed factorial because it is both between subjects, gum vs patch and within subjects, Friends Vs smoking videos. A factorial design involves just differences between independent variables.
Reply:Great question. Finally a question in this forum that deals with psychological science. It is indeed mixed factorial.
Reply:yeah, i'd have to agree. ?.
Dr. Grobe is trying to determine the best way to help people stop smoking.
He conducts an experiment in which he uses both drugs (nicotine gum vs.
the nicotine patch) and mood modification (sad movies of dying smokers or
funny “Friends” episodes). Half of the participants get to use gum and half
get to use the patch. Within these groups, half of the participants get to
watch an episode of “Friends” each time they visit the lab, and half get to
watch a 22 minute movie depicting dying smokers telling their life stories.
The average number of cigarettes smoked per day for a two-week period at
the conclusion of the study (the study lasts four weeks), is the dependent
measure
Factorial or Mixed factorial design? Research methods in Psychology?
It is mixed factorial because it is both between subjects, gum vs patch and within subjects, Friends Vs smoking videos. A factorial design involves just differences between independent variables.
Reply:Great question. Finally a question in this forum that deals with psychological science. It is indeed mixed factorial.
Reply:yeah, i'd have to agree. ?.
Umbilical stem cell vs fetal stem cell research?
I don't have a citation for this, but I have heard that some scientists believe that umbilical stem cells can be used for the same research methods as fetal stem cells.
Is that possible, to substitute umbilical stem cells instead of fetal stem cells? And if so, why isn't the scientific community pushing for using umbilical stem cells instead?
Could this replace fetal stem cells as a less controversial method of research?
Umbilical stem cell vs fetal stem cell research?
Ok, first, "fetal" stem cells are actually embryonic stem cells taken during or before the eight cell stage of the embryo. They are not taken from a fully formed little baby. Umbilical cord cells are being used and the president voted to fund that research. The problem is that the umbilical cells can't be used in as many ways as the embryonic cells. Embryonic cells are totipotent, meaning they can differentiate into ANY cell type. Cord cells are, for the most part, pluripotent, meaning they can only differentiate into some types of cells.
Reply:Hello Searcher.
the problem is where life begins. Justin has given you an excellent answer, scientifically---allow me to weigh in on the moral side.
People who have fertility treatments often leave leftover eggs which are destroyed. allowing these eggs to be fertilized and to develop into 8 cells gives a viable cell line, though 100 cells or so makes it much easier to handle.
the question is how many cells does one have before one goes from being cells to being a being? Your answer reflects your personal beliefs and values. some will say one. But then, is it ethical to just waste, destroy those surplus eggs when their limited development could save lives, cure the sick, maybe even help paralytics to walk?
Reply:The scientific community is looking at every possible option, including using conversion techniques on other cells. At this time, the cord cells have flexibility for the infant involved, but are much less flexible than fetal cells which set the standard for variability.
Reply:I'm thinking umbilical stem cells are getting a "bad rap" from the fetal cell hysteria.
I know that my auntie, who is VERY against stem cell research in all it's forms, thinks that umbilical cord cells are a "cover" for the fetal cells and should not be used either.
I think it's variations on this thinking that keeps umbilical cells from being explored more.
That, and umbilical cells are not as plentiful, and not as "good" as the fetal cells.
Reply:It would seem logical that it should be pushed on the basis that they could try this.
However, if there is any risks to the baby, then I would not say it should be allowed. Even if it upsets the baby.
I think that they siad that thier may be risks from doing this.
However, stem cells are not the only thing in feutes and embryo's, I think that they are in other places; and work must be done to ensure that this is utilised.
Reply:it is my understanding that they can use the cord stem cells the same as they can the fetal stem cells.but the are always changing things my youngest son was dx with a brain stem tumor when he was 3 years old and I study some on this very thing at that time they could use ether the cord or the fetal cells but where his tumor was it was not a possibility to have any of those study procedures
in the reading that I had done trying to find a treatment for my son the only difference I could find in what they were doing with the fetal cells that was easier to do than with the cord cells was cloning the cells
Is that possible, to substitute umbilical stem cells instead of fetal stem cells? And if so, why isn't the scientific community pushing for using umbilical stem cells instead?
Could this replace fetal stem cells as a less controversial method of research?
Umbilical stem cell vs fetal stem cell research?
Ok, first, "fetal" stem cells are actually embryonic stem cells taken during or before the eight cell stage of the embryo. They are not taken from a fully formed little baby. Umbilical cord cells are being used and the president voted to fund that research. The problem is that the umbilical cells can't be used in as many ways as the embryonic cells. Embryonic cells are totipotent, meaning they can differentiate into ANY cell type. Cord cells are, for the most part, pluripotent, meaning they can only differentiate into some types of cells.
Reply:Hello Searcher.
the problem is where life begins. Justin has given you an excellent answer, scientifically---allow me to weigh in on the moral side.
People who have fertility treatments often leave leftover eggs which are destroyed. allowing these eggs to be fertilized and to develop into 8 cells gives a viable cell line, though 100 cells or so makes it much easier to handle.
the question is how many cells does one have before one goes from being cells to being a being? Your answer reflects your personal beliefs and values. some will say one. But then, is it ethical to just waste, destroy those surplus eggs when their limited development could save lives, cure the sick, maybe even help paralytics to walk?
Reply:The scientific community is looking at every possible option, including using conversion techniques on other cells. At this time, the cord cells have flexibility for the infant involved, but are much less flexible than fetal cells which set the standard for variability.
Reply:I'm thinking umbilical stem cells are getting a "bad rap" from the fetal cell hysteria.
I know that my auntie, who is VERY against stem cell research in all it's forms, thinks that umbilical cord cells are a "cover" for the fetal cells and should not be used either.
I think it's variations on this thinking that keeps umbilical cells from being explored more.
That, and umbilical cells are not as plentiful, and not as "good" as the fetal cells.
Reply:It would seem logical that it should be pushed on the basis that they could try this.
However, if there is any risks to the baby, then I would not say it should be allowed. Even if it upsets the baby.
I think that they siad that thier may be risks from doing this.
However, stem cells are not the only thing in feutes and embryo's, I think that they are in other places; and work must be done to ensure that this is utilised.
Reply:it is my understanding that they can use the cord stem cells the same as they can the fetal stem cells.but the are always changing things my youngest son was dx with a brain stem tumor when he was 3 years old and I study some on this very thing at that time they could use ether the cord or the fetal cells but where his tumor was it was not a possibility to have any of those study procedures
in the reading that I had done trying to find a treatment for my son the only difference I could find in what they were doing with the fetal cells that was easier to do than with the cord cells was cloning the cells
A good guide to doing historical research - recommendations?
I've done a literature degree so am familiar with some methods of research, but I have an idea for a piece of historical fiction I want to write, but no real idea of how to go about writing it with any authenticity. I need to know how to do the research that will give me all the right information - how people actually lived, how society functioned etc. Can anyone recommend a good online guide, or a good book, that can give me suggestions and guidelines on how to do this research?
A good guide to doing historical research - recommendations?
i don't really know a site but if you now know a few points from your topic, you can try to search them in the internet and you will be able to know more information about them. besides, you have a literature degree and you will be able to comprehend easily informations you get. but whenever you are searching, always see if the site has aunthentic sources that you know well.
maybe this sites can help you
http://chnm.gmu.edu/digitalhistory/
Good Luck!
Reply:Thanks - that site is actually very useful. Report Abuse
Reply:I have read several historical biographies about the Romanov Tsars and find that you get a pretty good idea about how people lived in their time periods. If you want to write something based on history, you cannot just find one or two sources...you just have to read, read, read.
A good guide to doing historical research - recommendations?
i don't really know a site but if you now know a few points from your topic, you can try to search them in the internet and you will be able to know more information about them. besides, you have a literature degree and you will be able to comprehend easily informations you get. but whenever you are searching, always see if the site has aunthentic sources that you know well.
maybe this sites can help you
http://chnm.gmu.edu/digitalhistory/
Good Luck!
Reply:Thanks - that site is actually very useful. Report Abuse
Reply:I have read several historical biographies about the Romanov Tsars and find that you get a pretty good idea about how people lived in their time periods. If you want to write something based on history, you cannot just find one or two sources...you just have to read, read, read.
What is the meaning of descriptive research method?
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
Descriptive research is used to obtain information concerning the current status of the phenomena to describe "what exists" with respect to variables or conditions in a situation. The methods involved range from the survey which describes the status quo, the correlation study which investigates the relationship between variables, to developmental studies which seek to determine changes over time.
What is the meaning of descriptive research method?
It is qualitative. It describes in detail the matter being researched and is rich in detail. It is the opposite of quantitative, which refers to questionnaires and surveys. Descriptive research is usually one to one interviews or focus groups.
dr teeth
Descriptive research is used to obtain information concerning the current status of the phenomena to describe "what exists" with respect to variables or conditions in a situation. The methods involved range from the survey which describes the status quo, the correlation study which investigates the relationship between variables, to developmental studies which seek to determine changes over time.
What is the meaning of descriptive research method?
It is qualitative. It describes in detail the matter being researched and is rich in detail. It is the opposite of quantitative, which refers to questionnaires and surveys. Descriptive research is usually one to one interviews or focus groups.
dr teeth
Research Methods, I would like to know what is missing on my work related to these topics.?
Scenario
I am doing a study on image and how customers view the image of 3 different, why and how are they influenced to purchase them.
I am interviewing 25 males %26amp; 25 females in a shopping mall and doing a focus groups with 7 people
I mean what could be the limitations as well as :
Advantages %26amp; Disadvantages/Internal %26amp; external validity
Combination of qualitative %26amp; quantitative data (Are mine quantitative data?)
Minimise %26amp; BIAS
WHY HOW am I going to use and why is a benefit to me?
How does it affect my study?
Why is it specific to my study?
How does it meet my aims and objectives?
I can tell you more about my work but I would rather do it via messaging or email just to avoid plagiarism over the net
Feel free to email me directly on
wunderheileruk [at] yahoo [dot] co [dot] uk
Ps: I can give you more background information if you need to
Research Methods, I would like to know what is missing on my work related to these topics.?
Limitations: 50 people is a limited group, first of all. The way you conduct your research/study (asking random people is a mall) is therefore not representative, that is what you should keep in mind first. Case studies are not a bad thing, just keep it in mind. :)
You will have to edit your question, I am afraid. "view the image of 3 different".... 3 different WHAT?
"WHY HOW am I going to use".... use what? "How does it meet my aims"... how does what meet what aims? Etc.
I am doing a study on image and how customers view the image of 3 different, why and how are they influenced to purchase them.
I am interviewing 25 males %26amp; 25 females in a shopping mall and doing a focus groups with 7 people
I mean what could be the limitations as well as :
Advantages %26amp; Disadvantages/Internal %26amp; external validity
Combination of qualitative %26amp; quantitative data (Are mine quantitative data?)
Minimise %26amp; BIAS
WHY HOW am I going to use and why is a benefit to me?
How does it affect my study?
Why is it specific to my study?
How does it meet my aims and objectives?
I can tell you more about my work but I would rather do it via messaging or email just to avoid plagiarism over the net
Feel free to email me directly on
wunderheileruk [at] yahoo [dot] co [dot] uk
Ps: I can give you more background information if you need to
Research Methods, I would like to know what is missing on my work related to these topics.?
Limitations: 50 people is a limited group, first of all. The way you conduct your research/study (asking random people is a mall) is therefore not representative, that is what you should keep in mind first. Case studies are not a bad thing, just keep it in mind. :)
You will have to edit your question, I am afraid. "view the image of 3 different".... 3 different WHAT?
"WHY HOW am I going to use".... use what? "How does it meet my aims"... how does what meet what aims? Etc.
Plz help me - sociology a/s exam (methods of research) tomorrow!?
hiya i have a a/s exam tomorrow on sociology methods of research and i was hopin' u could hlp me answer these questionz......!
what r the advantages and disadvantages to structured interviews - 3 pointz will do! thanx
what are the meaningz of: operationalise, comparative method, longitudinal study and panel study, sampling frame (an example would reali hlp me!! :D)
i no there's a lot - im reali sorrie, bt my textbok is really bad and does not answer these questionz - stupid i no!!! lo0ol plz help me as much as u can, even one point wil do fine!!
thank you soooooooooooo much haha :D
uzisuzifunky x
Plz help me - sociology a/s exam (methods of research) tomorrow!?
compared to participant observation, structured interviews can utilize larger samples, so generalisations are more justified.
It is possible to produce quantitaive data from interviews and it is easy to replicate the research and check results.
Interviews are more flexible than any other research method. They can be used to extract simple factual information from people. They can be used to ask people about their attitudes, their past,present, or future behaviour, motives, feelings and other emotions that cannot be observed directly.
Interviews may not be valid or reliable. Responses may not be accurate or may not reflect real behaviour.
Intervieewes may be influenced by the presence of the researcher.
Operationalise - make something measurable.
Comparative method invloves comparisons. It is based upon an analysis of what happened or is happening in society, rather than upon the situations artificially created by a researcher.
Longitudinal study is a study over a long period of time e.g Years, decades etc.
Panel Study is an another name for a Longitudinal Study.
Sampling frame - a list of all the relevant sampling units in population.
Hope i helped, i ve got an exam tomorrow aswell (:
what r the advantages and disadvantages to structured interviews - 3 pointz will do! thanx
what are the meaningz of: operationalise, comparative method, longitudinal study and panel study, sampling frame (an example would reali hlp me!! :D)
i no there's a lot - im reali sorrie, bt my textbok is really bad and does not answer these questionz - stupid i no!!! lo0ol plz help me as much as u can, even one point wil do fine!!
thank you soooooooooooo much haha :D
uzisuzifunky x
Plz help me - sociology a/s exam (methods of research) tomorrow!?
compared to participant observation, structured interviews can utilize larger samples, so generalisations are more justified.
It is possible to produce quantitaive data from interviews and it is easy to replicate the research and check results.
Interviews are more flexible than any other research method. They can be used to extract simple factual information from people. They can be used to ask people about their attitudes, their past,present, or future behaviour, motives, feelings and other emotions that cannot be observed directly.
Interviews may not be valid or reliable. Responses may not be accurate or may not reflect real behaviour.
Intervieewes may be influenced by the presence of the researcher.
Operationalise - make something measurable.
Comparative method invloves comparisons. It is based upon an analysis of what happened or is happening in society, rather than upon the situations artificially created by a researcher.
Longitudinal study is a study over a long period of time e.g Years, decades etc.
Panel Study is an another name for a Longitudinal Study.
Sampling frame - a list of all the relevant sampling units in population.
Hope i helped, i ve got an exam tomorrow aswell (:
What are the methods in scientific research/ process? please help me!!!?
what are the methods in scientific research/ process? please help me!!!
What are the methods in scientific research/ process? please help me!!!?
The scientific method may be summarized as the following sequence of steps: identification of a knowledge problem; precise formulation or reformulation of the problem; examination of the background knowledge in a search for items that might help solve the problem; choice or invention of a tentative hypothesis that looks promising; conceptual test of the hypothesis, that is, checking whether it is compatible with the bulk of the existing knowledge on the matter; drawing some testable consequences of the hypothesis; design of an empirical (observational or experimental) test of the hypothesis or a consequence of it; actual empirical test of the hypothesis, involving a search for both favorable and unfavorable evidence (examples and counterexamples); critical examination and statistical processing of the data (for example, calculation of average error and elimination of outlying data); evaluation of the hypothesis in the light of its compatibility with both the background knowledge and the fresh empirical evidence; if the test results are inconclusive, design and performance of new tests, possibly using different special methods; if the test results are conclusive, acceptance, modification, or rejection of the hypothesis; if the hypothesis is acceptable, checking whether its acceptance forces some change (enrichment or correction) in the background knowledge; identifying and tackling new problems raised by the confirmed hypothesis; and repetition of the test and reexamination of its possible impact on existing knowledge.
The scientific method is not a recipe for making original discoveries or inventions; it does not prescribe the pathway that scientists must follow to attain success. The goal of the scientific method is to ascertain whether a hypothesis is true to some degree. Indeed, the nucleus of the scientific method is the confrontation of an idea (hypothesis) with the facts it refers to, regardless of the source of the idea in question. In sum, the scientific method is a means for checking hypotheses for truth rather than for finding facts or inventing ideas.
Reply:Accounts of scientific inquiry
1 Classical model
2 Pragmatic model
3 Logical empiricism
Reply:The simplest way to say it would be this...
1. State a question
2. Observe
3. Form a hypothosis
4. Set up an experiment to test the hypothosis
5.Analyze the results
6. Form a conclusion
7. Repeat
What are the methods in scientific research/ process? please help me!!!?
The scientific method may be summarized as the following sequence of steps: identification of a knowledge problem; precise formulation or reformulation of the problem; examination of the background knowledge in a search for items that might help solve the problem; choice or invention of a tentative hypothesis that looks promising; conceptual test of the hypothesis, that is, checking whether it is compatible with the bulk of the existing knowledge on the matter; drawing some testable consequences of the hypothesis; design of an empirical (observational or experimental) test of the hypothesis or a consequence of it; actual empirical test of the hypothesis, involving a search for both favorable and unfavorable evidence (examples and counterexamples); critical examination and statistical processing of the data (for example, calculation of average error and elimination of outlying data); evaluation of the hypothesis in the light of its compatibility with both the background knowledge and the fresh empirical evidence; if the test results are inconclusive, design and performance of new tests, possibly using different special methods; if the test results are conclusive, acceptance, modification, or rejection of the hypothesis; if the hypothesis is acceptable, checking whether its acceptance forces some change (enrichment or correction) in the background knowledge; identifying and tackling new problems raised by the confirmed hypothesis; and repetition of the test and reexamination of its possible impact on existing knowledge.
The scientific method is not a recipe for making original discoveries or inventions; it does not prescribe the pathway that scientists must follow to attain success. The goal of the scientific method is to ascertain whether a hypothesis is true to some degree. Indeed, the nucleus of the scientific method is the confrontation of an idea (hypothesis) with the facts it refers to, regardless of the source of the idea in question. In sum, the scientific method is a means for checking hypotheses for truth rather than for finding facts or inventing ideas.
Reply:Accounts of scientific inquiry
1 Classical model
2 Pragmatic model
3 Logical empiricism
Reply:The simplest way to say it would be this...
1. State a question
2. Observe
3. Form a hypothosis
4. Set up an experiment to test the hypothosis
5.Analyze the results
6. Form a conclusion
7. Repeat
This research problem, "what is the vocabulary level of the history books and references used in the secondary
Is ques. a good research problem for a beginner to get started, too broad, too narrow or no available research method is appropriate
This research problem, "what is the vocabulary level of the history books and references used in the secondary
look on the Dfes website or basic skills site - there is a formula to work out the reading age of a book. A piece of text only needs to be at 12:06 years for uni level to access it
Reply:It's a good topic--in fact a great one. But you need to develop it a little. for example, you might want to compare texts from the past to current (looking for changes) or with another subject (e.g. science, economics, etc) looking for differences.
And you need to think about what your findings mean. If the vocabulary level is low (or high) what does that imply? why is it that way?
Good luck! :)
braces for teeth
This research problem, "what is the vocabulary level of the history books and references used in the secondary
look on the Dfes website or basic skills site - there is a formula to work out the reading age of a book. A piece of text only needs to be at 12:06 years for uni level to access it
Reply:It's a good topic--in fact a great one. But you need to develop it a little. for example, you might want to compare texts from the past to current (looking for changes) or with another subject (e.g. science, economics, etc) looking for differences.
And you need to think about what your findings mean. If the vocabulary level is low (or high) what does that imply? why is it that way?
Good luck! :)
braces for teeth
Is content analysis a qualitative research method?
Content analysis can use either a quantitative or qualitative approach - it can depend both on what you're looking at, and on how you're analysing it. So if you're looking at leading questions in court transcripts it sounds like you're drawing on qualitative data (text) and you'll be using some sort of thematic categorisation (qualitative) in doing your content analysis. If you're looking at frequencies of leading questions (according to one or more definitions of "leading question") that would be a more quantitative approach with qualitative data. There are many debates about the boundaries of qualitative and quantitative approaches as paradigms....
Name 4 research methods/tools.?
book
internet
scholarly articles
magazine
Name 4 research methods/tools.?
book
friend
internet
teacher
teeth grinding guard
internet
scholarly articles
magazine
Name 4 research methods/tools.?
book
friend
internet
teacher
teeth grinding guard
Research paper/methods of social research help: very quick question?
Im doing a research paper about the social anxiety about teachers touching children, and, for my data, Im used data collected from two scholars on the topic. What is this called, when I use data that has been previously collected by another researcher? The studies were carried out by two people, and printed in their journal articles/books.
Research paper/methods of social research help: very quick question?
I'm not sure that I understand the question. There is nothing wrong with referencing the research of another if you properly credit your sources. The data sounds as though it can be counted as a primary as apposed to a secondary source, but I'm not sure that this is what you're asking.
Research paper/methods of social research help: very quick question?
I'm not sure that I understand the question. There is nothing wrong with referencing the research of another if you properly credit your sources. The data sounds as though it can be counted as a primary as apposed to a secondary source, but I'm not sure that this is what you're asking.
What are the methods in scientific research/ process? please help me!!!?
what are the methods in scientific research/ process? please help me!!!
What are the methods in scientific research/ process? please help me!!!?
The scientific method is a disciplined approach to inquiry. The links below will give you a much better idea of the process. The quick and dirty answer is ...it's how things get done in science.
http://teacher.pas.rochester.edu/phy_lab...
http://school.discovery.com/sciencefairc...
http://physics.ucr.edu/~wudka/Physics7/N...
Reply:The scientific method may be summarized as the following sequence of steps: identification of a knowledge problem; precise formulation or reformulation of the problem; examination of the background knowledge in a search for items that might help solve the problem; choice or invention of a tentative hypothesis that looks promising; conceptual test of the hypothesis, that is, checking whether it is compatible with the bulk of the existing knowledge on the matter; drawing some testable consequences of the hypothesis; design of an empirical (observational or experimental) test of the hypothesis or a consequence of it; actual empirical test of the hypothesis, involving a search for both favorable and unfavorable evidence (examples and counterexamples); critical examination and statistical processing of the data (for example, calculation of average error and elimination of outlying data); evaluation of the hypothesis in the light of its compatibility with both the background knowledge and the fresh empirical evidence; if the test results are inconclusive, design and performance of new tests, possibly using different special methods; if the test results are conclusive, acceptance, modification, or rejection of the hypothesis; if the hypothesis is acceptable, checking whether its acceptance forces some change (enrichment or correction) in the background knowledge; identifying and tackling new problems raised by the confirmed hypothesis; and repetition of the test and reexamination of its possible impact on existing knowledge.
The scientific method is not a recipe for making original discoveries or inventions; it does not prescribe the pathway that scientists must follow to attain success. The goal of the scientific method is to ascertain whether a hypothesis is true to some degree. Indeed, the nucleus of the scientific method is the confrontation of an idea (hypothesis) with the facts it refers to, regardless of the source of the idea in question. In sum, the scientific method is a means for checking hypotheses for truth rather than for finding facts or inventing ideas.
What are the methods in scientific research/ process? please help me!!!?
The scientific method is a disciplined approach to inquiry. The links below will give you a much better idea of the process. The quick and dirty answer is ...it's how things get done in science.
http://teacher.pas.rochester.edu/phy_lab...
http://school.discovery.com/sciencefairc...
http://physics.ucr.edu/~wudka/Physics7/N...
Reply:The scientific method may be summarized as the following sequence of steps: identification of a knowledge problem; precise formulation or reformulation of the problem; examination of the background knowledge in a search for items that might help solve the problem; choice or invention of a tentative hypothesis that looks promising; conceptual test of the hypothesis, that is, checking whether it is compatible with the bulk of the existing knowledge on the matter; drawing some testable consequences of the hypothesis; design of an empirical (observational or experimental) test of the hypothesis or a consequence of it; actual empirical test of the hypothesis, involving a search for both favorable and unfavorable evidence (examples and counterexamples); critical examination and statistical processing of the data (for example, calculation of average error and elimination of outlying data); evaluation of the hypothesis in the light of its compatibility with both the background knowledge and the fresh empirical evidence; if the test results are inconclusive, design and performance of new tests, possibly using different special methods; if the test results are conclusive, acceptance, modification, or rejection of the hypothesis; if the hypothesis is acceptable, checking whether its acceptance forces some change (enrichment or correction) in the background knowledge; identifying and tackling new problems raised by the confirmed hypothesis; and repetition of the test and reexamination of its possible impact on existing knowledge.
The scientific method is not a recipe for making original discoveries or inventions; it does not prescribe the pathway that scientists must follow to attain success. The goal of the scientific method is to ascertain whether a hypothesis is true to some degree. Indeed, the nucleus of the scientific method is the confrontation of an idea (hypothesis) with the facts it refers to, regardless of the source of the idea in question. In sum, the scientific method is a means for checking hypotheses for truth rather than for finding facts or inventing ideas.
Did you know that P&G uses Animal Testing as methods of research for their products?
http://www.uncaged.co.uk/pgtesting.htm
This is my latest discovery and I am gonna stop using P%26amp;G products after this... it sucks... look at what animal testing does to these poor creatures!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zlGvDfoCq...
A more friendlier video, which is a good explanation on Animal Testings:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kFIYCAs8I...
Did you know that P%26amp;G uses Animal Testing as methods of research for their products?
What does this rant have to do with Malaysia?
Reply:Not only P%26amp;G. Almost the whole pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry relies on such tests.
Consume of such products should be reduced not only to avoid hurting animals but to prevent polluting the environment.
Reply:hmmmm....what's with all the good answers getting thumbs-down, huh?
----------
Reply:Yes, I watched all the links you have provided.
Animal testing is so grossly cruel, torturous, tragic, painfully SAD!!!
Watching the videos made me go cold down my spine.....so sad...
Although I am neither for nor against animals, the testings are very painfully cruel.....please stop animal testings!!! Thankyou.
------------------
Reply:For decades, companies test their products on animals. Gillette nick, cut and cause misery and agony on rabbits while testing their blades and shavors; huge multiproduct manufacturers, including Unilever, Procter %26amp; Gamble, Johnson %26amp; Johnson, and others cause BLINDNESS to rabbits, mice and other animals to test their beauty and toiletry products. The list of offenders are wide. log on to this site for more info: www.stopanimaltests.com/consumerProducts
Thank you for highlighting this!
Reply:I suppose if Proctor and Gamble did testing on humans instead of animals, it'd be ok with you?
mind-boggling
Reply:"better animals then humans" quota from Michael Vick
Reply:In fact this has been a known fact for many many years and that is why people like The Body Shop is making good money all these years as they have displayed the sign that says NO ANIMAL TESTING....
Actually it is really cruel..
Reply:I knew P%26amp;G used animal testing as methods or research. But then again the medical, tabacco, and the pharmaceutical industries have been doing this for decades. Only in the last 20 years has the general population in the world started to make a big issues about companies using animals to make products. It has to be one of the cruelest things humans can do. I mean almost all of the animal used are household pets most of us would have in our homes.
%26lt;ab%26gt;
Reply:Dammit, I am against animal testing.
You know how hard it is to sit them for exams? For God's sake, they can't even read. Leave the poor animals alone.
This is my latest discovery and I am gonna stop using P%26amp;G products after this... it sucks... look at what animal testing does to these poor creatures!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zlGvDfoCq...
A more friendlier video, which is a good explanation on Animal Testings:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kFIYCAs8I...
Did you know that P%26amp;G uses Animal Testing as methods of research for their products?
What does this rant have to do with Malaysia?
Reply:Not only P%26amp;G. Almost the whole pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry relies on such tests.
Consume of such products should be reduced not only to avoid hurting animals but to prevent polluting the environment.
Reply:hmmmm....what's with all the good answers getting thumbs-down, huh?
----------
Reply:Yes, I watched all the links you have provided.
Animal testing is so grossly cruel, torturous, tragic, painfully SAD!!!
Watching the videos made me go cold down my spine.....so sad...
Although I am neither for nor against animals, the testings are very painfully cruel.....please stop animal testings!!! Thankyou.
------------------
Reply:For decades, companies test their products on animals. Gillette nick, cut and cause misery and agony on rabbits while testing their blades and shavors; huge multiproduct manufacturers, including Unilever, Procter %26amp; Gamble, Johnson %26amp; Johnson, and others cause BLINDNESS to rabbits, mice and other animals to test their beauty and toiletry products. The list of offenders are wide. log on to this site for more info: www.stopanimaltests.com/consumerProducts
Thank you for highlighting this!
Reply:I suppose if Proctor and Gamble did testing on humans instead of animals, it'd be ok with you?
mind-boggling
Reply:"better animals then humans" quota from Michael Vick
Reply:In fact this has been a known fact for many many years and that is why people like The Body Shop is making good money all these years as they have displayed the sign that says NO ANIMAL TESTING....
Actually it is really cruel..
Reply:I knew P%26amp;G used animal testing as methods or research. But then again the medical, tabacco, and the pharmaceutical industries have been doing this for decades. Only in the last 20 years has the general population in the world started to make a big issues about companies using animals to make products. It has to be one of the cruelest things humans can do. I mean almost all of the animal used are household pets most of us would have in our homes.
%26lt;ab%26gt;
Reply:Dammit, I am against animal testing.
You know how hard it is to sit them for exams? For God's sake, they can't even read. Leave the poor animals alone.
Thursday, November 19, 2009
Research methods in education .A question:?
You have a study with an independent variable (experimental treatment
versus control), a moderator variable (IQ), and a dependent variable
(performance on a criterion test). The statistical test you would be likely
to employ would be :
a. t-test
b. correlation
c. analysis of variance
d. chi-square
Support your answer.
Research methods in education .A question:?
Your teacher wants you to answer analysis of variance.
A t-test compares the mean differences b/w 2 groups: are the test scores for the Tx group higher than those of the control group.
How do you get a statistical probability of the effect of IQ?
A correlation compares the relationship b/w 2 variables (code exp=1, control = 2), and correlate w/ test scores. Again, IQ is left out.
A chi-square tests the associations b/w categorical variables (e.g., sex (boy,girl) and pet type (dog, cat, lizard)
An ANOVA allows you to test the mean differences in test scores according to TX while controlling for the effect of IQ.
Of course,most of these analyses are derived from the same fundamental premises and only use different computational formulas b/c they originated bwhen the numbers were still calculated by hand.
Multiple regression is the preferred statistical technique today, and the model
Predicted score = b (overall average) + Tx type + IQ +IQxTX
hotels
versus control), a moderator variable (IQ), and a dependent variable
(performance on a criterion test). The statistical test you would be likely
to employ would be :
a. t-test
b. correlation
c. analysis of variance
d. chi-square
Support your answer.
Research methods in education .A question:?
Your teacher wants you to answer analysis of variance.
A t-test compares the mean differences b/w 2 groups: are the test scores for the Tx group higher than those of the control group.
How do you get a statistical probability of the effect of IQ?
A correlation compares the relationship b/w 2 variables (code exp=1, control = 2), and correlate w/ test scores. Again, IQ is left out.
A chi-square tests the associations b/w categorical variables (e.g., sex (boy,girl) and pet type (dog, cat, lizard)
An ANOVA allows you to test the mean differences in test scores according to TX while controlling for the effect of IQ.
Of course,most of these analyses are derived from the same fundamental premises and only use different computational formulas b/c they originated bwhen the numbers were still calculated by hand.
Multiple regression is the preferred statistical technique today, and the model
Predicted score = b (overall average) + Tx type + IQ +IQxTX
hotels
Give a detailed account of the various survey methods employed in marketing research.?
Telephone
In-person interview
Mail
Internet
Diary
Central location group
Focus group
Ethnographic (observation)
Those are the main ones.
Give a detailed account of the various survey methods employed in marketing research.?
Hello,watch this video and you'll discover diferents methods about marketing research.
http://www.wealthyandrich.com/google
In-person interview
Internet
Diary
Central location group
Focus group
Ethnographic (observation)
Those are the main ones.
Give a detailed account of the various survey methods employed in marketing research.?
Hello,watch this video and you'll discover diferents methods about marketing research.
http://www.wealthyandrich.com/google
I need 8-10 research methods..HELP!?
So far...i have
questionnaire
interview
internet
and yahoo answers!
I need 8-10 research methods..HELP!?
books!!
photographs
television ie movies, documentries
sorry, thats all i can think of for now
good luck xx
Reply:OFF THE TOP OF MY HEAD...
Telephone interviews
Face to face interviews
Focus groups
Online poll
Crowd observation
Observation of general behaviour
Interruption of normal behavioural activity with a stimulus
Desk research (collating historical data, eg for comparison)
Ad hoc research
Attitude scale (eg: on a scale of 1-5, how do you rate...?)
Ranking (all or some of a list - favourite = 1)
You could ask magazine editors which celebrity cover sells the most magazines (try emailing them; but the phone might be better if you're good at persuasion).
... and it's AFFECTING, not effecting (don't want to lose a mark for using the wrong word!)
Reply:journals and books? do these come under the same as internet for what you are doing?
questionnaire
interview
internet
and yahoo answers!
I need 8-10 research methods..HELP!?
books!!
photographs
television ie movies, documentries
sorry, thats all i can think of for now
good luck xx
Reply:OFF THE TOP OF MY HEAD...
Telephone interviews
Face to face interviews
Focus groups
Online poll
Crowd observation
Observation of general behaviour
Interruption of normal behavioural activity with a stimulus
Desk research (collating historical data, eg for comparison)
Ad hoc research
Attitude scale (eg: on a scale of 1-5, how do you rate...?)
Ranking (all or some of a list - favourite = 1)
You could ask magazine editors which celebrity cover sells the most magazines (try emailing them; but the phone might be better if you're good at persuasion).
... and it's AFFECTING, not effecting (don't want to lose a mark for using the wrong word!)
Reply:journals and books? do these come under the same as internet for what you are doing?
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